Welfare-Friendly Practices in Farming - 741 Words

Siegford et al. (2008) write about the need for farmers to introduce up-to-date improved livestock practices into their farming. Livestock and poultry producers face a tremendous amount of pressure from the public to introduce environmental standards and welfare-friendly practices into their farming. Farmers, in response, often go beyond the demands and expectations in order to meet consumers requests. However, Siegford et al (2008)show through various examples that animal welfare and environmental stewardship may be projects that have opposite objectives. One example is the high fiber diets of pasture-based dairy and beef cattle that although profiting the cattle only produce higher methane emissions. Lower emissions would be produced by a different kind of diet, namely by .. but this would not be good for the animal. In some parts of the world too, grazing is liberally allowed for animals and, in fact, is the accepted practice. Unfortunately, grazing spreads nitrate cotnaitmntion of land and land water. Thirdly, unconfined animal production iincreases land emission particularity since excreta is left unchecked. There is less opportunity to trap and treat the emissions since there is greater space for the animals. With these and other examples, Siegford et al. (2008) show how, although consumers demand coupling of environmental concern with excellent animal husbandry and practices of animal welfare, the objective of both can conflict one with the other. Even feedingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hayden Farr. Trader Joe s Organic Sumatra Coffee Commodity Chain1671 Words   |  7 Pagesacidity, and a rustic flavor with hints of cocoa, tobacco, and cedar. The beans are roasted to a medium-dark color and emits bold and earthy flavors which one could describe as distinct and full-bodied. Trader Joe’s prides itself in being an eco-friendly and human rights conscious firm in terms of the products they purchase for its numerous specialty grocery stores scattered across the U.S. By only purchasing Fair Trade certified Sumatran coffee at or above market value, Trader Joe’s ensures thatRead MoreOrganic Food : A Popular Trend Among Americans1342 Words   |  6 Pages$35.1 billion dollars, an 11.5% increase compared to the previous year (Market Analysis). Consumers seem to believe that organic foods have more health benefits, such as nutritional value, environmental benefits, and also take account for animal welfare. So what is the truth about organic food and why is it becoming so popular? It seems as though while organic food maybe the better choice, most consumers do not have a clear understanding on what organic food actually is and what it means. 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This community has a diverse population of professionals on different fields such as consulting, transportation, organic farming, and construction. TheRead MoreAgriculture Reform Act984 Words   |  4 PagesThe 1960s pushed farming to a new low. â€Å"federal agriculture policy continued to curtail surplus production and raise farm incomes, but it placed greater emphasis on guaranteeing low food prices† (Miller, 2011). Farmers were competing with other farms just to keep their farms and homes. The government implemented additional programs l ike the use of food stamps and the free school lunch programs, which further deemphasized the necessity for production for the farmers. 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This report is based on the case study ‘Walmart: Love, Earth ®Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ which identifies key points which are the criticism faced by the multinational corporation (MNC), business practices that are/were unethical and which ethical theories did/ do they violate and why do MNCs like Walmart address their social and environmental i mpacts. The case study is very important as it outlines the way the MNC works and the different types ofRead MoreAnimal Welfare And Relative Welfare4014 Words   |  17 Pages Organic Animal Welfare By Jason Hubing University of Wisconsin River Falls ANSC 115 Animal Welfare Dr. Kurt Vogel Scientific Journal Report #2 12/16/2014 Introduction Much can be said about animal welfare, many aspects are relatively new. New topics and avenues of potential research are constantly surfacing. For starters, one idea I’m going to attempt to tackle is an ethical one. Subjective at best in my opinion, it usually doesn’t warrant serious scientific research. The

Poverty Porn Promoting The Popular Stereotype - 2116 Words

Poverty Porn: Promoting the popular stereotype More often than not, poverty is represented in the general narrative that labels poverty as the same for every single individual in the situation and fails to address the complexity of poverty. This is especially true in the film Slumdog Millionaire. Starring Dev Patel, Slumdog Millionaire is the story of Jamal Malik, an eighteen year old, uneducated, orphan from the slums of Mumbai. Jamal Malik is one question away from winning 20 million rupees on India’s Kaun Banega Crorepati? (equivalent to America’s Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?). But when the show breaks for the night, the police arrest him with the allegation of cheating. Desperate to prove his innocence, Jamal tells the story of his life in the slums, where he and his brother grew up, of their adventures together on the road, of vicious encounters with local gangs, and of Latika, the girl he loved and lost. Each chapter of Jamal’s increasingly layered story, reveals where he learned the answers to the sh ow’s seemingly impossible questions. The film won a total of eight Oscars in 2009, out of the ten it was nominated for. The film also won 5 Critic’s Choice Awards and 4 Golden Globes. Set in the year of 2006, the novel based film explores a â€Å"different† perspective of India. However, director Danny Boyle, paints a selective portrait of Mumbai, ignoring the middle class and only involving the aspects of the lives of those who belong to the lower socioeconomic class of

Drawing and Recording by Lens

Drawing and Recording by Lens-Based Media Essay â€Å"A photograph is static because it has stopped time. A drawing is static but it encompasses time. † John Berger People have been drawing since the dawn of humanity, as evidenced in early cave drawings and wall frescos. The development of paper had a major impact on the way that drawing was recorded and distributed. In 1826, the invention of the camera had a profound effect on the world, providing a new way of recording information. In this essay, I will discuss and compare the acts of recording through drawing the human eye† and cameras the mechanical eye, drawing on images from periods of time since the early cameras of the nineteenth century. Specifically, I have chosen three periods that relate to human conflicts; the Crimean War, the Vietnam War and the recent war in Iraq. Through these three periods I will explore the developments in technology, and in processes and philosophy of the acts of recording, both by drawing and by lens based media. We begin our discussion in the 1850s, when for the first time we can compare the acts of recording by drawing and photography The Crimean war artist, William Simpson was respected as bringing the reality of war to the British people. He went to the Crimean war and; â€Å"he reported faithfully, sometimes disapprovingly on what he saw He preferred accuracy to drama, spirit to extravagance† (Lipscomb, 1999) His famous painting â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade† (figure 1) was undoubtedly a sustained study, bringing together a number of sketches of the event to provide a full image for the viewer. Conversely, Crimean war photographer Rogar Fenton never captured battles, explosions, and the blood and tears that is a moving image of war The first practical photographic method, daguerreotype, had a process too slow to capture a moving image; it needed to focus for a longer period on an unmoving object. But Michelle Bogre tells us that â€Å"If action happened too fast for them to be able record it, they resorted to finding or staging events that symbolically replicated what they had really seen† (2011,19-20) This seems true of Fenton, in his famous photograph â€Å"The Valley of The Shadow of Death† (Figure 2) Arriving at the battlefield months after the battle was over, he took two images of the scene; one with, and one without cannonballs, â€Å"Photo historians suspect that he and his assistants scattered the all-important cannonballs†, (Bogre, 2011, 20) Phillip Bounds suggests that â€Å"unlike other means of communicating, which represent events or things across an appreciable stretch of time, the camera records a single instant in complete isolation from the temporal continuum to which it belongs† (Bounds, 2011). â€Å"The Valley of the Shadow of Death† appears very static, as we cannot see evidence of war, such as explosions, army, fighting. We just see the landscape and without close scrutiny for the cannonballs, it has no meaning and context. It is a frozen moment which at best captures the aftermath of war. Perhaps it best described by Barthes: â€Å"photography is a new sort of hallucination: false on the level of perception, true on the level of time† (Vanvolsem, 2005, 51,) William Simpson, however, draws what he sees while at war, but then brings his canvas home to continue and complete his painting, â€Å"The Charge of the Light Brigade†. The results are more dramatic as the picture includes many details (white explosive, postural angles, fighting, and weather) to convey a sense of movement, and therefore to encompass time. By the twentieth century, technology had advanced; the camera is able to accurately capture faster. In later twentieth century conflict, the photographer was able to capture events and scenes of war as they were happening. For both artist and photographer there are a number of choices to be made in recording. Berger suggests: â€Å"The photographer’s way of seeing is reflected in his choice of subject. The painter’s way of seeing is reconstituted by the marks he makes on the canvas or paper† (1972, 10). The artist has options of mark-making, choice of colour, and medium. Take, for example, â€Å"Vietnam! † by Antonio Frasconi (figure 3). Nelson Mandela EssayMaimon says of the visual of the camera obscura, â€Å"it remains always the same, and for this reason appears more perfect, (2011, 965). Opton’s portraits of Iraq service personnel (Nagy Stocke 2012) try â€Å"to apply some provocative structure to a real moment in time. † (Nagy Stocke, 2012) Opton states â€Å"I guess I want the public to see the impact of war on a young person’s face† (Nagy Stocke, 2012) Clearly, Opton is striving for empathy from the viewer, echoing Berger: â€Å"We never look at just one thing; we are always looking at the relation between things and ourselves† (1972, 9). In both photography and drawing, the human element is vital; the camera is a tool; there is still a person making choices. While Dziga Vritov claims that the camera is â€Å"A mechanical eye. I, the machine, show you a world the way only I can see it† (Berger,1972) Berger argues the opposite: â€Å"Photographs are not, as is often assumed, mechanical records. Every time we look at photographs, we are aware, however slightly, of the photographer selecting that sight from an infinity of other possible sights† (Berger, 1972,10) In conclusion, we see that since the invention of the camera, the practice of photography has undergone massive changes, while the practice of drawing remains very much the same. The emergence of modern photography has opened the world visually on a scale that drawing was not able to achieve. While we relied on artists to record information accurately and relay it to the people, modern technology enables everyone to record and share through lens based media. But while most people are able to use cameras, the skills involved in drawing are still rare, and this elevates drawing for me into a more special realm. Moreover, the modern artist not only records, but interprets what they see, and this is seen in the emergence of abstract art. Our modern culture demands instant images, and photojournalists get well paid for timely images, whereas artists seem less in demand. It raises the question of the future; will photography continue as the dominant act of recording, or will there be a re-emergence of drawing? Perhaps the combination of drawing and photography with digital manipulation will prove to be the most popular means of recording? Bibliography: BERGER, John, 1980. About Looking, London: Writers and Readers. BERGER, John. 1972. Ways of Seeing. London: BBC/Penguin. BOGRE, Michelle. 2011. Photography as activism: images for social change, Oxford: Focal Press. BOUNDS, Philip. 2011. ‘Beyond Ways of Seeing – The Media Criticism of John Berger’ Available at: http://www.fifth-estate-online.co.uk/2p=40 GOMPERTZ, Will. 2012. ‘David Hockney – why art has become â€Å"less†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts16578438 HOCKNEY, David. 1984. Hockney’s Photographs. London: Arts Council of Great Britain. HOCKNEY, David. 2001. Secret Knowledge: rediscovering the lost techniques of the old masters, London: Thames Hudson. KONSTANTINIDOU, Christina. 2008, The spectacle of suffering and death: the photographic representation of war in Greek newspaper, Visual Communication, 7 (2) LIPSCOMB, Adanan.1999. ‘William Simpson â€Å"Pierre of Pictorel Coneapondent’, Available at: http://www.victorian.org/painting/simpson/bio.html, MAIMON, Vered. 2011. On the singularity of early photography: William Henry Fox Talbots Botaniel Images, Art History: Journal of the Association of art Historians, 24 (5) VANVOLSEM, Martin. 2005. Hinting at on experience of time is still photography, Journal of Visual Art Practice, 4 (1)

Teaching Plan Diabetes Mellitus free essay sample

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2011), 25. 8 million Americans, 8. 3 percent of the population, have diabetes and nearly 27 percent of those 26 million Americans, are undiagnosed. In 2010, the CDC reported nearly 2 million Americans aged 20 years and older were diagnosed with diabetes. Diabetic education is an important part of helping those with diabetes effectively manage the disease and prevent complications. Statistics from the CDC show that poorly managed diabetes is the leading of non-traumatic lower limb amputations in the United States . Patients with diabetes are at greater risk for serious complications with their feet than those who do not have diabetes. Implementing a diabetic foot care program for those patients receiving home health services can reach an often-overlooked at-risk diabetic population . The home health nurse has the perfect opportunity to implement a foot care regimen and reinforce the importance of proper foot care with her diabetic patients and their families/caregiver. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Plan Diabetes Mellitus or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This teaching plan is a prevention plan designed to reinforce good foot care practices for a diabetic patient who needs a refresher on proper foot care or the newly diagnosed diabetic patient. The content is suitable for anyone who is age 18 or older with at least an eighth-grade education, and who can read/write English or Spanish. Any family members or caregivers should be present to learn proper foot care in case the patient becomes unable to practice proper foot care at some point in the future. Family members and caregivers are also excellent sources of support and positive reinforcement. Goal The goal of this teaching plan is to motivate the diabetic patient to engage in proper foot care, which can avoid serious complications. Patients with diabetes often do not recognize the how important it is to take care of their feet. Objectives Following a one-hour teaching session, the diabetic patient will be able to: 1. Recognize two ways diabetes can affect the feet (cognitive). 2. Describe two ways to keep the blood vessels healthy (cognitive). 3. Recognize the signs/symptoms that indicate an infection (cognitive). 4. Describe proper footwear (cognitive). 5. Recognize when to visit the doctor for foot care (cognitive). 6. Demonstrate proper foot care (psychomotor). a. Perform visual inspection of the feet b. Demonstrate proper foot cleansing c. Demonstrate proper toenail trimming d. Demonstrate proper application of lotion 7. Verbalize feelings of confidence in performing daily foot care to prevent foot complications (affective). 8. Verbalize any issues or concerns related to maintaining proper foot care, for examples, costs associated with proper footwear (affective). 9. Display continued interest in maintaining proper foot care (affective). The objectives of this program are learner-centered behavioral objectives, they place the emphasis on what the learner is expected to accomplish, have specific learning outcomes, and are observable . The teaching plan incorporates objectives from all three learning domains: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. They follow the guidelines established by the ADA for Diabetes Self-Management Education for creating â€Å"action-oriented, behavioral goals and objectives† . Because of the difficult lifestyle changes associated with diabetic, it is important to include affective behavioral objectives to help the diabetic patient develop their own intrinsic motivations to change. Objective 9 is a long-term objective that the home care nurse evaluates at each subsequent home visit. Content The content of the teaching plan utilizes the diabetic foot care interactive tutorial from the Patient Education Institute, available at MedlinePlus, a service of the U. S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/. The content is available in three different formats: (a) an interactive tutorial with questions, (b) a self-playing tutorial without question, and (c) a text summary of the tutorial in a downloadable PDF file. The tutorials give the user the option to have the displayed text narrated, which is appropriate for use with visually impaired and auditory learners. The content reviewed for health literacy, supports the National Standards for Diabetes Self-Education . This teaching plan focuses on the interactive tutorial with questions. The plan can be delivered using the printed text summary. Health literacy is important to consider when choosing because patient education materials because studies have shown that an individual’s functional health literacy is usually lower than their general literacy. The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services defines health literacy as the ability of the individual to understand health information to make knowledgeable decisions about their care. This program considers health literacy by using plain language, a minimum amount of words supplemented with pictures, and presenting the information in a logical sequence, so that each section of the program builds upon the previous section. This allows the diabetic patient to internalize the knowledge acquired and apply it to future concepts, promoting independence and self-efficacy. The content of the program centers on positive behaviors and is not condescending in tone when narration is used. Time Allotment The teaching plan will take approximately one-hour to complete and consists of: (a) 35-minute interactive computer tutorial, (b) 15-minute patient demonstration of foot inspection and washing, and (c) 10-minute wrap-up session. Patient Assessment At the beginning of the home visit, the nurse asks the patient if she can assess the condition of the diabetic patient’s feet and review proper foot care with them. Asking permission gives the patient a sense of control over the situation and answers to the questions can help the nurse assess readiness to learn. To assess readiness to learn, the nurse will assess such things, as the patient’s present health condition, emotional state, and environment, all factors that can affect a diabetic patient’s ability to learn . The nurse should also assess the patient’s ability to complete foot care tasks independently. If the patient is unable to complete any task independently, a family member or caregiver should be present. The nurse will have to assess their readiness to learn, as well. If the patient is not receptive, now might not be the right for a learning session or this patient may prefer to learn on their own . If the nurse determines the patient is not ready or prefers self-instruction, she asks permission to leave information on proper foot care. The nurse can follow-up with a similar interaction at the next visit to see if the diabetic patient has any questions or concerns regarding the material and see if the patient is ready to participate in a learning session. Interactive Computer Tutorial – 35 Minutes The interactive tutorial gives the diabetic patient the necessary knowledge to meet Objective 1 through Objective 5, and enhances their ability to complete Objective 6 during the 15-minute demonstration return demonstration of proper foot care. The entire teaching plan supports Objective 7 and Objective 8. As necessary, a family member or caregiver should take part in the learning. All participants are given a copy of the text summary prior to starting the tutorial. If they are tactile learners, they can take notes, underline, highlight, etc. , as they view the tutorial. The tutorial consists of 72 slides and takes approximately 30 minutes to complete. There are questions peppered throughout the tutorial, which provide immediate feedback to the diabetic patient and nurse. The nurse will explain to the other participants that the patient should answer the questions on their own. The first 27 slides set the stage for the learner, providing them with an overview of how and why feet are important, especially to a diabetic patient, before presenting information on prevention and proper foot care. The diabetic patient has to know why foot care is important to them and what the consequences are if they do not protect their feet in order to participate in preventative health behaviors . Slides 28 through 66 discuss prevention measures, foot care, footwear, how to prevent injuries, and the importance of regular checkups. The last five slides provide a summary of the important concepts learned. All of the slides contain a combination of words and pictures relevant to the discussion. Introduction. The Introduction provides the diabetic patient with a short overview of what the tutorial will cover. The first slide states an honest, straightforward fact, â€Å"Patients with diabetes are more likely than others to have problems with their feet. These problems can lead to dangerous infections of the foot† . Denial is common among patients with chronic illnesses so it is important to provide them with facts, no fluff, no medical jargon – just the important points (Lowenstein, et al. , 2009). The goal of the tutorial, how to recognize and treat foot problems to avoid serious complications is stated on the second slide. A Healthy Foot. This section provides the diabetic patient with a simple description of how healthy feet support the body, absorb pressure from the body, prevent infections from entering the foot, and most importantly, feel pain. Giving the diabetic patient a description of what a healthy foot does will help them grasp the next concept, how diabetes adversely affects the feet. Diabetes the Feet. These slides describe two ways diabetes can affect the feet: (a) nerve damage, and (b) narrowing of the blood vessels. The slides on nerve damage discuss how diabetic neuropathy decreases sensation to the feet and can cause feelings of numbness and tingling. Decreased sensation can prevent the diabetic patient from realizing they have a cut or blister on their feet. Numbness in the feet can affect balance and standing possibly leading to painless fractures or flattened arches. Flattened arches may cause blisters from unusual pressure points. The slides on damaged blood vessels explain how narrowed blood vessels lead to poor circulation in the feet and causes impaired healing of foot injuries, which could lead to gangrene and amputation. The section ends with three True/False questions (see Appendix A). If the patient gets a question wrong, the question appears again for them answer. They cannot move forward in the tutorial until they select the correct answer. Prevention. The most important prevention method is controlling blood sugar. This is on the first slide in the prevention section. A simple concept, yet many diabetic patients do not understand the importance of monitoring and controlling their blood sugar levels (Lowenstein, et al. , 2009). This slide is about reinforcing that message. The next slide discusses four other things diabetic patients can do to protect their feet (a) proper foot care, (b) proper footwear, (c) preventing injury, and (d) getting regular check-ups. While many people receive diabetic education, many fail to maintain proper foot care; diabetic patients report wearing inappropriate shoes and walking barefoot, and improper nail care despite education . This section ends with two True/False questions (See Appendix A). Foot Care. Proper foot care is important for preventing complications. Daily foot inspections are important way for a diabetic patient to prevent complications before they start. Foot inspections help the diabetic patient identify small problems and address them before they become serious. The first slide in this section stresses the importance of daily foot inspection. The next slide explains how to inspect the foot and to use a mirror if you cannot see the soles of the feet. The next three slides explain how to wash and dry the feet and apply lotion. A True/False question (see Appendix A) applying lotion is presented. The next three slides provide information on trimming toenails and signs of ingrown toenails, which need to be reported to the nurse or doctor. A True/False question about trimming the nails is next. The section continues with a slide discussing corns and calluses and the importance of talking to the doctor about them. Patients should not attempt to remove corns or calluses on their own. A True/False question (see Appendix A) on corns and calluses concludes this section. Before moving to the next session, the nurse will explain to the patient they should inspect their feet every day around the same time so that it becomes part of their daily routine. She should also stress that foot cleansing is performed daily, but does not need to be a separate activity, it can be done in the shower or while bathing. The water should be warm, not hot and the patient should test it with their hand or elbow. Toenails are trimmed before applying lotion so the patient is able to hold their toes without their fingers slipping. Footwear. Many of us probably do not think much about the shoes (or socks) we put on our feet, but for the diabetic patient, improper footwear (and socks) can lead to serious complications. The first slide tells the diabetic patient that the right shoes and socks can keep their feet healthy. The next three slides discuss proper and improper shoes and socks. Proper shoes are ones that allow the toes room to move. Improper shoes are tight, pointed or high-heeled shoes. Open toe or open-back shoes leave the foot exposed and increase the risk for injury. Socks should be clean and comfortable with no bumps (pressure sore) or tight elastic (circulation). This section ends with a multiple-choice question (see Appendix A) about circulation. The question builds upon information presented at the beginning of the tutorial. Integrating this question in the context of footwear helps the patient establish a connection between the two concepts. Requiring them to recall previous learning refreshes the information and increases probability of retention (Lowenstein, et al. , 2009). Before beginning the next session, the nurse should let the patient know that if they have Medicare Part B insurance, it may cover the some of the costs for special shoes or inserts. Preventing Injury. These slides provide the diabetic patient with important tips for preventing injuries to the foot: (a) never walk barefoot, (b) check the inside of shoes each time for small objects or torn linings that can create pressure points, (c) avoid contact with hot water or surfaces, and (d) avoid exposure to the sun and wear sunscreen. This section ends with a True/False question (see Appendix A) on nerves. Like the previous section, the question builds upon previously learned information and helps the patient establish a relationship between the two. The nurse will tell the patient they should keep a pair of slippers next to their bed to prevent them from walking barefoot when they get out of bed in the morning. Regular Checkups. The first two slides indicate the diabetic patient should see their doctor or podiatrist regularly (podiatrist is defined for the diabetic patient) and to have the doctor check their feet. The next slide is a reminder for the diabetic patient that a doctor should care for and remove corns or calluses. The next two slides stress the importance of catching foot problems early so they can be treated early. Untreated infections can lead to severe infections that can spread to the bone and may require surgery. These slides reinforce previous learning, integrating the information with the importance of seeing a doctor. This section ends with a True/False question (see Appendix A) about infections, again integrating information learned previously within the context of regular checkups. The nurse should remind the patient it is important for them to schedule regular visits to the doctor and to keep those appointments. Summary. The four slides in this section summarize the key points the diabetic patient should take away from the tutorial. The most important aspect of prevention is maintaining proper blood sugar levels and good foot hygiene. The last slide emphasizes that management of diabetes and good foot hygiene is dependent on the diabetic patient. Evaluation. Evaluation is accomplished with a process evaluation. The tutorial questions provide immediate feedback to the diabetic patient and the nurse. This allows both the diabetic patient and the nurse to assess learning throughout the program. Either the nurse or diabetic patient can make adjustments, such as repeating a section, or stopping the tutorial to provide further explanation . This method ensures the patient is meeting the objectives as they progress through the tutorial. Demonstration of Proper Foot Care – 15 minutes The nurse should give the patient a minute or two to let the information gel as she sets up the supplies for the foot care demonstration. If the patient’s range of motion or visual acuity does not allow them to inspect or clean their feet, a family member or caregiver will perform the inspection and cleaning. If the nurse determined from the assessment the toenails can be safely trimmed by the patient (or participant), she will also include nail trimming in the foot cleansing demonstration. When the nurse is ready for the demonstration, she will ask the patient to remove their shoes and socks while she removes the shoe and sock from one of her feet. To begin the demonstration, the nurse will explain what she is looking for: cuts, sores, red spots, swelling, lack of sensation, and anything that does not look right. Then she will examine the top and bottom (with mirror) of her foot and inspect the area between her toes while she explains what she is doing. The patient should return demonstrate on both feet and explain what they are doing. The nurse will observe: (a) how carefully the patient examines the tops and bottoms of their feet, (b) if they use a mirror when they cannot the bottoms of their feet, and (c) if they inspect between all their toes. The next part of the demonstration is proper foot cleansing. The nurse will do a mock demonstration on proper foot care and then observe the patient perform actual foot cleansing, drying, nail trimming on one nail (as necessary), and moisturizing. She will observe the following: (a) how the patient tests the water in the basin prior to putting their feet in, (b) how the patient dries the feet, (c) how the patient trims the toenail, and (d) if the patient puts lotion between the toes. While the patient is performing both skills, the nurse should refrain from asking any questions that require cognitive or affective responses because they interfere with psychomotor learning. Questions related to these domains should be presented before or after the demonstration. Evaluation. Evaluation of foot inspection and cleansing is based on instructor observation (see Appendix B). The nurse will assess the diabetic patient’s affective domain (Objectives 7 and 8) at the end of the demonstration by asking the patient to verbalize how confident they feel about performing foot care and if they have any concerns about proper foot care, for example, the costs associated with proper footwear. Wrap-Up – 10 minutes The nurse will review patient the To Do List (see Appendix C) and the list of Foot Care Tips (see Appendix D) that encourages them to continue practicing proper foot care. These lists are included in the booklet from the U. S. Department of Health and Human Service, National Diabetes Education Program , â€Å"Take Care of Your Feet for a Lifetime,† that the nurse will leave with the patient. This booklet, reviewed for health literacy, is an excellent reference tool for the diabetic patient after the education session. Method of Instruction There are three methods of instruction included in this teaching plan, self-instruction, one-on-one, and demonstration return demonstration. All three of these instruction methods are appropriate for one-on-one use and provide for immediate feedback. The interactive tutorial combines self-instruction with one-on-one instruction to enhance the learning process. The nurse and diabetic patient view the tutorial together, but the diabetic patient controls the movement among the slides, allowing them to progress at their own pace. The nurse is there to provide guidance and answer any questions. Both self-instruction and one-on-one instruction can be paced to meet the diabetic patient’s needs and both methods provide the opportunity for immediate feedback. One-on-one teaches in all the behavioral domains and is suitable for those with low literacy, a disadvantage with self-instruction. Self-instruction teaches in the cognitive and psychomotor domains. The tutorial complements the psychomotor learning process by introducing the patient to the steps for proper foot care before the demonstration return demonstration portion of the teaching session. Demonstration of proper foot care uses demonstration return demonstration, which is appropriate for learning in the psychomotor domain. By this time in the teaching session, the diabetic patient should feel comfortable with the nurse and not feel like the nurse is testing them on the return demonstration . The return demonstration by the diabetic patient happens right after the demonstration by the nurse also reduces the diabetic patient’s anxiety. Resources The interactive tutorial requires a computer and internet connection. Many homes today have computers and internet access. Some home health and public health agency nurses carry company laptops with internet access. The content can also be delivered using the printed text summary, which is the same information found in the tutorial. The hand-out is six pages long. The leave-behind booklet from NDEP can downloaded and printed by the general public or up to 10 copies can be ordered free from the NDEP website http://ndep. nih. gov/publications/PublicationDetail. aspx? PubId=67. Additional packages of 10 (up to 100 copies) can be order for two-dollars each. The patient should provide the basin, soap, lotion, mirror, nail clippers, emery board, and towel. The nurse should have these tools as wells, in case the patient does not have the appropriate tools. If the patient does not have the appropriate tools, they should be encouraged to obtain them. Summary The following concepts were considered when selecting this tutorial: Cost-effective and up-to-date evidence-based quality information from a reliable source. Narration for use with visually impaired and auditory learners. Content is appropriate for low-literacy patients. Adult learners are independent and self-directed learners, but they appreciate (even need) structure and direction . The tutorial allows for nurse- patient interaction providing that structure and direction. Gives the diabetic patient control over the learning process empowers them to learn (Lowenstein et al. , 2009). There are three other tutorials presented in a similar format available on the Medline website: an introduction to diabetes, eye complications, and meal planning. This gives the nurse a set of tools to help her patient manage diabetes. Why recreate the wheel when appropriate instructional materials are already available . This teaching plan will provide the diabetic patient with the necessary knowledge and tools to motivate self-directed behavioral changes towards proper foot care. Motivation, learning and behavior are inextricably linked. People tend to be intrinsically motivated; if the motivation to learn is not there, then the behavioral changes will not occur . References Bastable, S. (2008). Nurse as educator: Principles of teaching and learning for nursing practice. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). National diabetes fact sheet, 2011. Retrieved from Center for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www. cdc. gov/diabetes/pubs/factsheet11. htm Corbett, C. F. (2003). A randomized pilot study of improving foot care in home health patients with diabetes. The Diabetes Educator, 29(2), 273-282. doi:DOI: 10. 1177/014572170302900218 Funnell, M. M. , Brown, T. L. , Childs, B. P. , Haas, L. B. , Hosey, G. M. , Jensen, B. , . . . Weiss, M. A. (2010, January). National Standards for Diabetes Self-Education. Diabetes Care, 33(Supplement_1), S89-S96. doi:10. 2337/dc-S089 Lowenstein, A. J. , Foord, L. , Romano, J. C. (2009). Teaching strategies for health education and health promotion. Working with patients, families, and communities. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Neder, S. , Nadash, P. (2003). Individulized education can improve foot care for patients with diabetes. Research briefs. Home Healthcare Nurse, 21(12), 837-840. Retrieved from http://journals. lww. com/homehealthcarenurseonline/Fulltext/2003/12000/Individualized_Education_Can_Improve_Foot_Care_for. 13. aspx The Patient Education Institute. (2013). Diabetes Foot Care. Retrieved from MedlinePlus: http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/tutorials/diabetesfootcare/htm/index. htm U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2013, April 10). Health Literacy. Retrieved from Health. gov: http://www. health. gov/communication/literacy/ U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Diabetes Education Program. (2012). Take care of your feet for a lifetime. A booklet for people with diabetes. (NIH Publication No. 12-4285. NDEP-4). Retrieved from http://ndep. nih. gov/publications/PublicationDetail. aspx? PubId=67 Appendix A Questions in the Tutorial Diabetes the Feet 1. People with diabetes who have damaged nerves in their feet are less likely to feel injury to their feet than people without diabetes. True or False. True Answer Correct. Because nerves carry the feeling of pain, people with damaged nerves in their feet are less likely to feel injury to their feet. False Answer Incorrect. Nerves carry the feeling of pain. People with damaged nerves in their feet are less likely to feel injury to feel injury. 2. People with diabetes are more likely to have narrow blood vessels than people without diabetes. True or False. True Answer Correct. Diabetes affects the blood vessels throughout the body, however, the blood vessels of the feet, kidneys, and eyes are especially vulnerable. False Answer Incorrect. Patients with diabetic are more likely to have narrow blood vessels than people without diabetes. 3. All diabetic patients with diabetes will have foot problems. True or False. True Answer Incorrect. Not all patients with diabetes will experience foot problems. Good hygiene and successful control of diabetes can delay or prevent these problems. False Answer Correct. Not all patients with diabetes will experience foot problems. Good hygiene and successful control of diabetes can delay or prevent these problems. Prevention 1. To keep their feet healthy, patients with diabetes should avoid walking. True or False. True Answer Incorrect. Exercising, such as walking is important for controlling diabetes and keeping the blood vessels healthy. The healthier the blood vessels, the less likely foot problems will appear. Use sensible footwear! False Answer Correct. Exercising helps keep the blood vessels of the body healthy, which leads to healthier feet. Use sensible footwear! 2. Stopping smoking can help prevent or delay foot complications. True or False. True Answer Correct. Smoking can reduce the blood flow to the feet. This makes it difficult for the feet to receive the nutrients and oxygen they need for health and healing. False Answer Incorrect. Smoking can reduce the blood flow to the feet. Foot Care 1. It is preferable to avoid putting lotion between the toes. True or False. True Answer Correct. It is preferable to avoid putting lotion between the toes. The excessive moisture that may result can be a breeding ground for infections. False Answer Incorrect. It is better to keep the area between the toes dry. 2. Patients with diabetes can cut off corns and calluses on their own. True or False. True Answer Incorrect. Patients with diabetes should not cut the calluses and corns on their own. They should ask their healthcare provider to help. False Answer Correct. 3. It is better to trim nails before and not after taking a shower. True or False. True Answer Incorrect. It is preferable to trim nails after soaking them, such as after taking a bath or shower. False Answer Correct. It is preferable to trim nails after soaking them, such as after taking a bath or shower. Footwear 1. Pale and cold feet indicate which of the following? a. Poor Circulation b. Damaged Nerves a. Poor Circulation Correct. Pale and cold feet may mean the feet are not receiving adequate supply of blood. b. Damaged Nerves Incorrect. Pale and cold feet may mean the feet are not receiving adequate supply of blood. Exercise, such as walking, is important for controlling diabetes and keeping the blood vessels healthy. The healthier the blood vessels are, the less likely foot problems will appear. Preventing Injury 1. Frequent tingling or numbness may indicate that the nerves are damaged. True or False. True Answer Correct. Odd feelings of numbness and tingling should be reported to the doctor. They may mean the nerves are damaged. False Answer Incorrect. Frequent of numbness and tingling may mean the nerves of the feet are damaged. Regular Checkups 1. Redness and swelling in the feet with increased heat are signs of an infection. True or False. True Answer Correct. Redness, swelling, increased temperature, fever, and chills are all signs of infections. Call your doctor immediately if you notice any of these signs. False Answer Incorrect. Redness, swelling, increased temperature, fever, and chills are all signs of infections. Call your doctor immediately if you notice any of these signs. Appendix B Foot Care Observation Evaluation Critical Elements YES NO Comments Inspects the tops/bottoms of feet. Uses mirror when appropriate. Inspects between all toes. Tests water with hand or elbow. Gently dries feet and between the toes. Trims toenails before applying lotion Trims toenails straight across, not too far down. Uses an emery board to file the edges, does not cut them with the clippers. Does not apply lotion between the toes Verbalizes feelings of confidence in performing daily foot care Verbalizes any issues related to proper foot care Appendix C To Do List Make plans now to take care of your feet for a lifetime. Check each item when completed. ____ Use the foot care tips on the other side of this page. ____ Put this list where I will see it every day. ____ Get a pair of nail clippers, an emery board, and pumice stone if my doctor tells me to. ____ Buy soft, lightly padded, seamless socks. ____ Buy a pair of shoes that fit well and protect my feet. ____ Place slippers beside my bed to wear when I get out of bed. ____ Get a mirror to help me see the bottoms of my feet. ____ Ask for help from a family member or caregiver if I cannot see my feet. ____ Keep my next doctor’s visit. ____ Ask my doctor if my insurance will cover the cost of special shoes or inserts. ____ Ask my health care team about diabetes services and supplies that may be covered by Medicare or other insurance plans. ____ Ask my doctor or nurse to look at my feet at every visit. ____ Talk with my health care team about safe ways I can be more active each day. ____ Stop smoking. Call 1-800-784-8669 to get help with quitting. ____ Work to manage my diabetes to prevent foot problems. Source: To Do List from The National Diabetes Education Program booklet, â€Å"Take Care of Your Feet for a Lifetime†. Available at http://ndep. nih. gov/publications/PublicationDetail. aspx? PubId=67. Appendix D Foot Care Tips 1. Check your feet every day. Look at your bare feet every day for cuts, blisters, red spots, and swelling. Use a mirror to check the bottoms of your feet or ask a family member for help if you have trouble seeing. 2. Wash your feet every day. Wash your feet in warm, not hot, water every day. Dry your feet. Be sure to dry between the toes. 3. Keep the skin soft and smooth. Rub a thin coat of lotion over the tops and bottoms of your feet, but not between your toes. 4. Smooth corns and calluses gently. If your doctor tells you to, use a pumice stone to gently smooth corns and calluses. Do not use over-the-counter products or sharp objects on corns and calluses. 5. If you can see, reach, and feel your feet, trim your toenails regularly. If you cannot, ask a foot doctor (podiatrist) to trim them for you. Trim your toenails straight across and smooth the corners with an emery board or nail file. 6. Wear shoes and socks at all times. Never walk barefoot. Wear shoes that fit well and protect your feet. Feel inside your shoes before putting them on to make sure the lining is smooth and that there are no objects inside. 7. Protect your feet from hot and cold. Wear shoes at the beach and on hot pavement. Wear socks at night if your feet get cold. Do not test bath water with your feet. Do not use hot water bottles or heating pads on your feet. 8. Keep the blood flowing to your feet. Put your feet up when sitting. Wiggle your toes and move your ankles up and down for 5 minutes, two or three times a day. Do not cross your legs for long periods of time. Do not smoke. Call 1-800-QUITNOW (1-800-784-8669). 9. Be active every day. Talk to your health care team about safe ways you can be more active. 10. Check with your health care team. Have your doctor or nurse check your bare feet and tell you if you have foot problems or may get foot problems in the future. Remember that you may not feel the pain of an injury. Call your health care team right away if you find a cut, sore, blister, or bruise on your foot that does not begin to heal after a few days. Follow your health care team’s advice about foot care.

A Medieval Love Story

A Medieval Love Story He was a brilliant scholar at the University of Paris, charismatic, engaging, and handsome. He drew students like moths to his flame, challenging his masters as well as his peers with scintillating displays of logic. His seemingly unshakable core of self-confidence was justified by his talents for dialectic, teaching, and poetry. His name was Pierre Abelard. She was a rare apparition in the cloister of the Paris cathedral: a young woman, still in her teens, pursuing philosophical studies with no evident desire to take the veil.  Though undoubtedly lovely, she was renowned more for her keen mind and her thirst for knowledge than for her beauty. Her name was Heloise. That two such extraordinary individuals in the same academic world should find one another seems inevitable. That their eloquent expressions of love should have survived for us in their own words is a rare gift of history. That tragedy should await them makes their story all the more poignant.1 The Pursuit of Love While Abelard surely caught sight of Heloise at some time in the busy academic scene of Paris, there were no social occasions on which they were likely to meet. He was occupied with his studies and university life; she was under the protection of her Uncle Fulbert, a canon at the cathedral. Both turned away from frivolous social pastimes in favor of a happy absorption with philosophy, theology, and literature. But Abelard, having reached his thirties without ever knowing the joys of romantic or physical love, had decided he wanted such an experience. He approached this course with his usual logic: It was this young girl whom I, after carefully considering all those qualities which are wont to attract lovers, determined to unite with myself in the bonds of love... 2 Canon Fulbert was known to care deeply for his niece; he recognized her academic ability and wanted the best education that could be provided for her. This was Abelards route into his house and confidence. Claiming the upkeep of a home of his own was too expensive and interfered with his studies, the scholar sought to board with Fulbert in exchange for a small fee and, more significantly, for providing instruction to Heloise. Such was Abelards reputation not only as a brilliant teacher but as a trustworthy individual that Fulbert eagerly welcomed him into his home and entrusted him with the education and care of his niece. I should not have been more smitten with wonder if he had entrusted a tender lamb to the care of a ravenous wolf... Learning of Love We were united first in the dwelling that sheltered our love, and then in the hearts that burned with it. There is no way to know what entreaties or wiles Abelard used to seduce his student. Heloise may very well have loved him from the moment they met. The force of his personality, his razor-sharp mind, and his handsome demeanor undoubtedly resulted in an irresistible combination for a young woman. Not yet twenty, she had no hint of how she and her uncle had been manipulated, and she was at just the right age to see Abelards presence in her life as ordained by Fate or by God. Moreover, rarely have two lovers been so suited to each other as Abelard and Heloise. Both attractive, both extremely intelligent, both enraptured with the arts of learning, they shared an intellectual energy that few couples of any age or era have been fortunate enough to know. Yet in these early days of intense desire, learning was secondary. Under the pretext of study we spent our hours in the happiness of love, and learning held out to us the secret opportunities that our passion craved. Our speech was more of love than of the books which lay open before us; our kisses far outnumbered our reasoned words. However base Abelards original intentions had been, he was soon overwhelmed by his feelings for Heloise. Finding his once-beloved studies burdensome, his energy for learning flagged, he delivered uninspired lectures, and his poems now focused on love. It wasnt long before his students deduced what had come over him, and rumors swept Paris of the heated affair. Only Canon Fulbert seemed unaware of the romance that was taking place under his own roof. His ignorance was fostered by his trust in the niece he loved and the scholar he admired. Whispers may have reached his ears, but if so they did not reach his heart. Oh, how great was the uncles grief when he learned the truth, and how bitter was the sorrow of the lovers when we were forced to part! How it happened is not entirely clear, but its reasonable to assume that Fulbert walked in on his niece and his boarder in an extremely private moment. He had ignored the rumors and believed in their good conduct; perhaps it was a direct confrontation with the truth that so drastically affected him. Now, the extent of his fury at the very least matched the extent of the trust he had placed in them both. But physically separating the couple did not quench the flame of their love for one another; on the contrary: The very sundering of our bodies served but to link our souls closer together; the plentitude of the love which was denied to us inflamed us more than ever. And not long after they were parted, Heloise got a message to Abelard: she was pregnant. At the next opportunity, when Fulbert was away from home, the couple fled to Abelards family, where Heloise was to remain until their son was born. Her lover returned to Paris, but fear or awkwardness kept him from attempting to heal the breach with her uncle for several months. The solution seems simple to us now, and would have been simple to most young couples then: marriage. But, although it was not unknown for scholars at the university to wed, a wife and family could be a serious impediment to an academic career. Universities were relatively new systems that had sprung from Cathedral schools, and the one at Paris was renowned for its theological teachings.  The brightest prospects that awaited Abelard resided in the Church; he would be forfeiting the highest possible career by taking a bride. Though he never admits such thoughts kept him from proposing marriage, that they were included among his considerations seem clear when he describes his offer to Fulbert: ... in order to make amends even beyond his extremest hope, I offered to marry her whom I had seduced, provided only the thing could be kept secret, so that I might suffer no loss of reputation thereby. To this he gladly assented... But Heloise was another matter. Love Protests That a young woman in love should balk at marrying the father of her child may seem perplexing, but Heloise had compelling reasons. She was well aware of the opportunities Abelard would be passing up if he tied himself to a family. She argued for his career; she argued for his studies; she argued that such a measure would not truly appease her uncle. She even argued for honor: ... it would be far sweeter for her to be called my mistress than to be known as my wife; nay, too, that this would be more honourable for me as well. In such case, she said, love alone would hold me to her, and the strength of the marriage chain would not constrain us. But her lover would not be dissuaded. Shortly after their son Astrolabe was born, they left him in the care of Abelards family and returned to Paris to be married secretly, with Fulbert among the few witnesses. They parted immediately thereafter, seeing each other only in rare private moments, in order to maintain the fiction that they were no longer involved. Love Denied Heloise had been correct when she had argued that her uncle would not be satisfied by a secret marriage. Though he had promised his discretion, his damaged pride would not let him keep quiet about events. The injury had been a public one; its reparation should also be public. He let word of the couples union get about. When his niece denied the marriage, he beat her. To keep Heloise safe, her husband spirited her away to the convent at Argenteuil, where she had been educated as a child. This alone may have been enough to keep her from her uncles wrath, but Abelard went one step further: he asked that she wear the vestments of the nuns, except for the veil that indicated the taking of vows. This turned out to be a grave error. When her uncle and his kinsmen heard of this, they were convinced that now I had completely played them false and had rid myself forever of Heloise by forcing her to become a nun. Fulbert became incensed, and prepared to take his revenge. It happened in the early morning hours when the scholar lay sleeping, unawares. Two of his servants accepted bribes to let attackers into his home. The punishment they visited upon their enemy was as horrifying and shameful as it was excruciating: ... for they cut off those parts of my body with which I had done that which was the cause of their sorrow. By morning, it seemed all of Paris had congregated to hear the news. Two of Abelards attackers were apprehended and made to suffer a similar fate, but no reparation could restore to the scholar what he had lost. The brilliant philosopher, poet, and teacher who had begun to be renowned for his talents now had fame of an altogether different sort thrust upon him. How could I ever again hold up my head among men, when every finger should be pointed at me in scorn, every tongue speak my blistering shame, and when I should be a monstrous spectacle to all eyes? Though he had never considered becoming a monk, Abelard turned to the cloister now. A life of seclusion, devoted to God, was the only alternative his pride would allow him. He turned to the Dominican order and entered the abbey of St. Denis. But before he did so, he convinced his wife to take the veil. Her friends entreated her to consider ending her marriage and returning to the outside world: after all, he could no longer be her husband in the physical sense, and an annulment would have been relatively easy to obtain. She was still quite young, still beautiful, and as brilliant as ever; the secular world offered a future the convent could never match. But Heloise did as Abelard bid her not for any love of convent life, or even for love of God, but for love of Abelard. Love Endures It would be difficult to imagine that their love for one another could survive separation and Abelards tragic injury. In fact, having seen to his wifes entry into the convent, the philosopher appears to have placed the entire affair behind him and devoted himself to writing and teaching. For Abelard, and indeed for all who studied philosophy in his time, the love story was but a sideline to his career, the impetus that triggered a change in his focus from logic to theology. But for Heloise, the affair was a seminal event in her life, and Pierre Abelard was forever in her thoughts. The philosopher did continue to care for his wife and see to her security. When Argenteuil was overtaken by one of his many rivals and Heloise, now the prioress, was turned out with the other nuns, Abelard arranged for the displaced women to occupy the abbey of the Paraclete, which he had established. And after some time had passed, and wounds both physical and emotional had begun to heal, they resumed a relationship, albeit far different than the one they had known in the secular world. For her part, Heloise would not let herself or her feelings for Abelard be overlooked. She was ever open and honest about her enduring love for the man who could no longer be her husband. She pestered him for hymns, sermons, guidance, and a rule for her order, and in so doing kept him active in the work of the abbey and kept her own presence constant in his mind. As for Abelard, he had the support and encouragement of one of the most brilliant women of his times to help him navigate the treacherous course of 12th-century theological politics. His talents for logic, his continued interest in secular philosophy, and his absolute confidence in his own interpretation of Scripture had not won him friends in the Church, and his entire career was marked by controversy with other theologians. It was Heloise, one might argue, who helped him come to terms with his own spiritual outlook; and it was Heloise to whom he addressed his significant profession of faith, which begins: Heloise, my sister, once so dear to me in the world, today even dearer to me in Jesus Christ...3 Though their bodies could no longer be united, their souls continued to share an intellectual, emotional, and spiritual journey. Upon his death Heloise had Abelards body brought to the Paraclete, where she was later buried beside him. They lie together still, in what could only be the end of a medieval love story. Your letter written to a friend for his comfort, beloved, was lately brought to me by chance. Seeing at once from the title that it was yours, I began the more ardently to read it in that the writer was so dear to me, that I might at least be refreshed by his words as by a picture of him whose presence I have lost...4 The story of Abelard and Heloise might have been lost to future generations were it not for the letters that survived them. The course of events that their romance followed was described unstintingly in a letter Abelard wrote, known to us as the  Historia Calamitatum,  or the Story of My Misfortunes. His intent in writing the letter was ostensibly to console his friend by telling him, essentially, You think youve got problems? Listen to this... The  Historia Calamitatum  was widely circulated and copied, as letters sometimes were in those days. There is a school of thought that Abelard had an ulterior motive in its composition: to call attention to himself and keep his work and his genius from slipping into oblivion. If that was indeed the case, the philosopher, though still confident in his abilities to the point of arrogance, showed a remarkably brutal honesty and a willingness to accept responsibility for the disastrous results brought on by his vanity and pride. Whatever his motives for writing the letter, a copy eventually fell into Heloises hands. It was at this point that she took the opportunity to contact Abelard directly, and an extensive correspondence ensued from which the nature of their later relationship can be gleaned. The authenticity of the letters supposedly written by Heloise has been called into question. For more on this matter, see the  Mediev-l  Discussion of Heloises  Letters to Abelard, collected from the Mediev-l mailing list and presented online by Paul Halsall at the Medieval Sourcebook. For books examining their authenticity, see  Sources and Suggested Reading,  below. Notes Guides Note: This feature was originally posted in February of 2000, and was updated in February of 2007.Notes 1 As with most names from the Middle Ages, you will find both Abelard and Heloise rendered in a variety of ways, including, but by no means limited to: Abà ©lard, Abeillard, Abailard, Abaelardus, Abelardus; Hà ©loise, Hà ©lose, Heloisa, Helouisa. The forms used in this feature were chosen for their recognizability and their ease of presentation within the limits of HTML. 2 The excerpted material on these pages is all from Abelards Historia Calamitatum unless otherwise noted. 3  From Abelards  Apologia. 4  From Heloises first letter. Additional Resources Abelards autobiography is online here at the Medieval History site: Historia Calamitatum,  or, The Story of My Misfortunesby Peter AbelardTranslated by Henry Adams Bellows, with an introduction by Ralph Adams Cram. Presented in fifteen chapters, an introduction, a foreword and an appendix. Sources and Suggested Reading The links below will take you to a site where you can compare prices at booksellers across the web. More in-depth info about the book may be found by clicking on to the books page at one of the online merchants. translated by Betty RadiceA Penguin classics collection of their correspondence. by Etienne GilsonLiterate analysis of the letters of Abelard and Heloise focuses on individual topics and themes rather than a chronological presentation. by John MarenbonA re-examination of Abelards work as a logician and theologian. by Marion MeadeThis fictionalized account is well-written and fairly accurate, and has been made into a well-received film.   A Medieval Love Story  is copyright  © 2000-08 Melissa Snell and About.com. Permission is granted to reproduce this article for personal or classroom use only, provided that the URL below is included. For reprint permission, please contact Melissa Snell. The URL for this feature is:http://historymedren.about.com/od/peterabelard/a/love_story.htmGuides Note:  This feature was originally posted in February of 2000, and was updated in February of 2007.

Metropolis# essays

Metropolis# essays How is the tension between individual and community identified or addressed in representations of the modern American City? Choose one or two texts. In American cities today, community does not appear to be an important aspect of everyday life. As society has changed, so too has the emphasis that we put upon the sense of community and interaction. In todays Manhattan, there is a preconception that the city cannot provide community for its inhabitants. It is seen as a cold and hostile city, where each person must fend for his/herself. The only community within the city that we see represented in film, literature and television are bleak interpretations, where those in need, danger or merely lonely come together to make up a new community that offers a way out of the loneliness. They are largely the poorer districts of the city, and nearly always have problems with drug addiction. This essay will explore this idea in great detail, and draw conclusions from the evidence of a lack of a positive image of community in New York City. In recent years, more and more films have been made that depict New York in this way. In particular, Herbert Selby Jnr has written two very useful books in this area, Last Exit to Brooklyn, and Requiem for a Dream. Both have been made into feature films. The films construct a beneficial representation of the community within the novels, as they allow the audience to see what kind of place he is creating in his stories. Whilst a novel allows the reader to create place he is creating in his stories. Whilst a novel allows the reader to create an image in his/her own psyche, in order to look at the form of unity and the creation of community that this essay is discussing, celluloid images show us one clear image, which we can then work with. As Selby himself composed the screenplays of the films, we can see exactly the images that he wanted to ...

Is Japan a Democracy, or Not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Is Japan a Democracy, or Not - Essay Example They too are popularly elected for a term of six years. The eligibility age for a vote is 20 years. Japan is a Constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary government. It's post- World War II constitution was adopted on May 3, 1947. Universal adult suffrage with a secret ballot for all elective offices is followed. Sovereignty, previously embodied in the emperor, is vested in the Japanese people now. Japans current political system has something tangible to do with its defeat in the World War II. Subsequent to its occupation by the United States, the post-war constitution of 1947 is anti-militarist. Japan has no rights to wage war and it has no armed forces. A limited Self-defense Force exists. The Constitution of Japan was drawn up subsequent to its occupation by Allied Forces. As per the constitution, Japan is a democratic country. The Liberal Democratic Party is in power without break for more than 50 years. The Executive Branch: Before World War II, Emperor was hailed as divine. Now he is the ceremonial figurehead. The Prime Minister is appointed by him for a term of four years. The Cabinet Ministers are chosen by the Prime Minister and he can have a maximum number of 14 Ministers. Additional three special members are permitted. Half of the Cabinet Ministers must be from the members of the Diet. The Legislature Branch: This is named as Diet. Decisions are by majority vote and in special cases, a two-thirds majority is required. Of the 480 seats of House of Representatives, 300 are elected from single-member constituencies and 180 are elected from multi-member constituencies as per the system of proportional representation. The Sangi-in or House of Councilors has 242 seats. In every three years, only half of its membership is re-elected. Of them,73 are elected from 47 prefecture districts and 48 are elected from a nationwide list by proportional representation. The prefectures are not sovereign entities as compared to the States in the USA.

Non-fiction short story The Nine Moods of a Magnificent Manager Essay

Non-fiction short story The Nine Moods of a Magnificent Manager - Essay Example The management consultant argues thus: â€Å"The subject of management is an overcrowded field. I quote Voltaire (1694-1778) who says that the magnitude of books is making us ignorant. â€Å"The major branches of management are financial management, marketing management, human resource management, strategic management, production management, operations management, service management and information technology management. The problem with the present managerial world is there are more books on management topics than the numerical strength of managers all over the world. Is it possible for a management trainee to study all of them and then become a successful manager? The relationship between success and management is like the one between wife and husband who desire to lead a harmonious life but are unable to do so but would not like to divorce either. Management is all about the ability of a Manager to rob the pocket of a gullible commoner/consumer or of another Manager in a competi ng organization! You all have made hefty payments to attend this one day’s seminar. You have done so with a hope. I congratulate you on your dynamism and your desperate desire to become magnificent managers. By the end of the session, I am sure you will become one and will have no inclination to return to this auditorium yet again. With this training, if you are unable to prove your worth as a magnificent manager, try your luck as a consultant on the topic of management. My formula for success is simple and straightforward. No textbooks and research journals are used in this seminar. No pen, pad or folder will be provided to you. No home assignments either; have a peaceful sleep after this session. Lend me your ears and mind and see how I change your thought processes to chisel an interesting personality to restore your inner cheer and inspiration. Those with whom you interact will remember you forever, for better or worse, depending on your luck. We begin with an important s ession-- Think that in place of your confused mind, a beautiful garden of roses has emerged with many hues and colors and invigorating fragrance. Think! Nothing is impossible to think! Has it emerged? I can see that in some of you from the expression on your countenance. Make an effort to smile. You are an individual of many moods. Various scriptures have defined nine moods. They are Erotic, Humorous, Pathetic, Terrible, Heroic, Fearful, Odious, Wondrous, and Peaceful. Now, think that you are a performing artist. The wise ones say that this world is a stage, and we are all dancing puppets attached to the strings in the hands of God. Each mood is associated with a particular color. Erotic: Pale Light Green, Humorous: White, Pathetic: Grey, Terrible: Red, Heroic: Pale Orange, Fearful: Black, Odious: Blue, Wondrous: Yellow, Peaceful: White. Some of the top fashion designers and connoisseurs of dress are aware of this weakness of humankind and exploit it to maximize their profits. Now w e come to the core part of the discussion. You need to spend some money to secure your future. Buy nine shirts for gentlemen and tops for ladies, of the colors specified above. Only shirts and /tops not trousers or other types of garments! Now, divide your working hours and allot one hour for each mood. Change your shirt/top after one hour and see the remarkable effect in your interactions. I do not ask you to adopt this system in one go. Hasten slowly. Let your session be restricted to some minutes to begin with. So, you will emerge as a complete individual full of delight, a conglomeration in human form of nine moods of

The report of Lenovos marketing strategy Essay Example for Free

The report of Lenovos marketing strategy Essay Lenovo, one of the successful firms of China , has been a global company. To identity the reasons and factors of success, we handled the report. Through scanning the books and references about Lenovo, we have some conclusions and opinions. With its leading-edge technology, easy to use, personalized design and wide range of solutions, the products are widely welcomed by users in China. Lenovo also has extensive product line for the Chinese market, including mobile handsets, servers,and digital products. Lenovo Groups development is broadly divided into three stages: the first stage is the start-ups and survival stages; The second stage is to solve the problem of  existence. ; the third is spending huge sums on the acquisition of IBMs PC division, and begin the development of international strategy. BRIEF INTRODUCTION Lenovo Group was established in 1984, invested 200,000 yuan by the CAS Institute of Computing, which 11 scientific and technical personnel founded. Today the company has become one of the worlds leading PC companies, combining with the former IBM Personal Computing Division. Lenovos fiscal year 2007/08 turnover of $ 16.4 billion. Since 1997 the sales of Lenovo in Chinas domestic market topped the first, and in the Asia-pacific market in successive years (except Japan) is among the best.Lenovo group was launched in 2004. In China, the market share of Lenovo PC products is nearly one-third. With its leading-edge technology, easy to use, personalized design and wide range of solutions, the products are widely welcomed by users in China. Lenovo also has extensive product line for the Chinese market, including mobile handsets, servers,and digital products. Lenovo Groups development is broadly divided into three stages: the first stage is the start-ups and survival stages; The second stage is to solve the problem of existence.; the third is spending huge sums on the acquisition of IBMs PC division, and begin the development of international strategy. FINDINGS The analysis of the marketing environment 1.The macro-marketing environment: The macro external environment for the development of the Lenovo Group has an important influence. The integration and adaptation of macroeconomic policy and social-economic environment ensures that the Lenovo Group can go better in the long-term strategic development of the road. 1.1 Political environment Lenovos political background is strong like the national support. Lenovo is founded by the Chinese academy of sciences institute of computer, with all kinds of computer professionals with technical strength, known as the birthplace of Chinese computer technology. 1.2 Economic environment: The economic environment is good. The economic crisis lead to the overall economic environment tightening, but the development of computer industry  chain to maintain good growth momentum. 1.3 Social environment: China even the whole world still has a great purchasing power. Once the enterprise enter the market, the value of the firm will show up. 1.4 Technical environment: Lenovo Group, founded by the Institute of Computer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. And it stands for the countrys highest level in the field of computer technology. 2. The micro-marketing environment: Marketing micro environment essentially refers to the the companys own environment and the business which is directly linked to units or individuals formed environment. 2.1 The threat of new distributors to potential industry: New competitors entering a certain segments of the market, can add new production capacity and a lot of resources, and fight for market share. The key lies in wether the new competitors can easily enter the fine market. This is the mainly due to the economies of scale, channel construction, the expected revenge factors. 2.1.1Possible entrants: the first one is the digital giants abroad which have not yet entered the Chinese market, and the others is downstream products, suppliers and retailers. 2.1.2The way of entrants : the appearance of new products, and the establish of a new brand. 2.1.3Potential entry barriers to entrant: economy of scale, product different barriers, capital demand barriers, the customer conversion cost, patent and proprietary technology. 2.2 The competition in the industry The product has a specific location, the users change to the existing brand are usually based on the disappointment. Because of the industry production capability, the computer industry is highly profitable high risk. 2.3. Substitute As Chinas entry into the WTO, the competition will post the professional business enterprise the threat. 2.4 The bargaining power of suppliers  Most of the PC software is provided by the supplier, and not by the manufacturer production. PC manufacturer bargaining ability, but in foreign  suppliers, local brands has obvious advantages. The buyers bargaining power:Through the analysis, Chinas PC industry has high barriers to entry so that there is no alternative goods and the purchaser bargain ability is low. For new entrants the competitive threat is various and widely effected, but due to a variety of reasons no matter at present or in future there will be still a number of entrants. 3. Lenovos SWOT analysis: Combined with the present situation of the development of the industry Lenovo laptop exactly exist problems and should establish rational marketing decision-making plan. 3.1. Advantage: Market share: Lenovo laptop channels throughout the whole of Asia market, market share to competitors than the other, with 30.6% of the market share comes to the first in line. Local brand experience and regional advantages: Lenovo has decades of experience in the Chinese mainland which can accurately grasp the local consumer demand, which is the strength of other brands do not have the advantage. Brand advantage: In the PC market, Lenovo brand of leadership in the Chinese market has more than many rivals, is the industry leader, and promoted step by step and accumulation. 3.2 Disadvantage: In addition to the Chinese market and overseas market, especially the north American market the ability of growth is weak. International operation experience compared to the Dell and HP has a gap, form although international, but did not reach the system. A lack of international experience, especially to the international complex economic form ability, to the risk control ability is not strong, it is the financial crisis led to Lenovo losses. Although the acquisition of the IBM PC business, full integration is not yet complete. 3.3 opportunity: The development of the consumer PC market, along with the rise of the notebook market as well as the popularity of the PC provides a good opportunity to Lenovo notebook in the consumer market. And there is a sales boom as Win7 listed the individual market. so Lenovo should seize the opportunity to capture the market. The Chinese government launch home appliance countryside sports, farmers for the PC has a strong demand. Lenovo  an seize the chance to go to Chinas vast countryside market.The domestic market having the rapid development , more and more consumers to buy the computer. 3.4 threat: The consumer market, facing the threat of the Hewlett-Packard, Dell is a strong competitor. A large number of new brand computer manufacturers produce cause confusion of market.The financial crisis is still not completely eliminate and global individual market is falling which affect the Lenovo shipments greatly since commercial personal market. 4. Lenovos market segments, the choice of target customers, market positioning (STP analysis) 4.1 Market segment: despite Lenovo is an old computer, it seems that there is no market selection problem, but when profits to maximize the enterprise management of long-term highest goal appeared. Lenovo will also can not bear the temptation of diversification, attack from the Internet, a series of new business, but soon found many new business water depth in waves, therefore decided to make strategic shrinkage and adjust. Later, Lenovo will and divided into two parts, one kind is small and medium-sized enterprise and the average consumer, small and medium-sized enterprise and further divided into medium customers and scattered type customers. One kind is often tender for purchasing clients, and further divided into global big customers combined with local customers, and whether the commercial market or consumption market, desktop computer or the laptop. Lenovos market segmentation levels are quite clear, and in each segment the market established deputy brand. Through the in-depth market research, a series of specialized value recreation, make the brand to look brand-new.Thus, market segmentation for a brand the growing importance of the, Lenovo because timely see this, suit the remedy to the case. According to the growing small and medium-sized enterprise commercial computer demand, Lenovo won the unshakable market share. In the future a period of time, Lenovo brand value management and considerable ascension space, also can become more sales though driving force is strong. 4.2. The market localization: Association with the main trend products and low-priced products to the aftermarket price of brand quality one-sided pressure to the other brands. Lenovo in the past ten years, has constant innovation and introduction of  more advanced technology and electronic products, which are inextricably linked with Lenovos strong backing of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Computer Science. Lenovo has a high-quality technical team. They have a number of senior researchers and engineers with years of experience in technical strength with a large number of Hong Kong and Taiwan manufacturers. Lenovo can not be surmounted, which proves the Chinese computer market leading brand strength is immeasurable.Lenovo chooses the low level of technology, and focus on market demand with the wide range of applications.The market is large, easy-to-commercialization of microcomputer products in the product form, from the development version upgrade start, rather than to start on the development machine. This is the Lenovo Groups goal, so that companies can integrate into the community with the fastest speed, and lay a solid foundation for further development in the future. CINCLUSIONS Lenovo, a global company, has gone through many challenges and difficulties. There are much experience in the growth of Lenovo. Although there are many reasons of the success, the main and crucial one is persistence. We are, of crouse, proud of the admirable achievement of Lenovo.

Gun Rights vs Gun Control Essay -- right to bear arms, gun laws

The continuing Mass Shootings in the United States has caused the gun control debate to intensify. While anti-gun control advocates say the Second Amendment guarantees each individual the right to bear arms, the pro-gun control group reads the Second Amendment as a collective right to bear arms; meaning organized militia are the only ones with that right. This essay will analyse the effectiveness of several different articles which present arguments for and against gun control. Charles W. Collier’s article, â€Å"Gun Control in America: An Autopsy Report†, dives into the controversial topic of gun ownership and gun control in the United States. He uses recent shootings, including the George Zimmerman case and the Connecticut elementary school shooting, to present his case that gun violence will remain in the United States as long as guns remain high in number and low in regulation. Collier states that if Americans did not intend the consequences of holding an army with almost unlimited access to firearms, they would start demanding laws to control the gun violence: But changes of this magnitude are hardly to be expected—not in a land where a one-gun-per-month purchase limit counts as bold—even â€Å"pioneering†Ã¢â‚¬â€legislation. (The debate over assault weapons and high-capacity magazines, after all, is not about whether people will be killed; it is about how many will be killed, and how quickly). (81) Collier writes his article in a pessimistic view of the future of gun regulation. He uses logos in the quote above by using deductive reasoning. Collier writes about the generalization that any gun legislation should be unexpected because the specific case of the one-gun-per-month purchase limit. Collier uses pathos heavily throughout the a... ...additional information concerning gun control, the reader is left to make his or her educated opinion. Works Cited "Countering The Gun Lobby With Data." Bloomberg Businessweek 4347 (2013): 10. Business Source Premier. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. "Enforcement of Gun Control Laws." Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. N.p.: ABC-CLIO, 2003. Credo Reference. 16 July 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. "Gun Control." Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. N.p.: ABC-CLIO, 2003. Credo Reference. 16 July 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. Collier, Charles W. "Gun Control In America: An Autopsy Report." Dissent (00123846) 60.3 (2013): 81-86. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. "Gun Control Overview." Congressional Digest 92.3 (2013): 3-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.

B.F. Skinner’s Contribution to Psychology

B. F. Skinner’s Contribution to Modern Psychology Ian K. Connelly Oklahoma State University B. F. Skinner’s Contribution to Modern Psychology As I began to study the history and beginning of psychology there was one man who stood out to me clearly as a powerful force of influence and contributor to the direction psychology has taken in its still very young life. What does it mean to be a major influential contributor to the science of psychology? This man shows us with his groundbreaking theories, inventions and experiments as well as his over 200 books and articles on the field of psychology.He is Burrhus Frederic Skinner and he is one of the reasons psychology is the profound and crucial science that it is today. (New World Encyclopedia contributors, 2008) B. F. Skinner was born in 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His early life consisted of his efforts to become a fictional writer. He attended Hamilton College where he received a B. A. in English literature in 1926 . Afterward he spent some time living with his parents attempting to write fictional books. Cherry, 2013) It was during this time that he began to wonder about how an author was supposed to understand the behaviors of the characters he portrayed without knowing what psychological processes and thoughts lie beneath. His research led him to discover the work of John Broadus Watson who proposed behaviorism for the first time. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011) This seemed to interest him much more than fictional writing did so he applied for the psychology graduate program at Harvard University where he received a doctorate in experimental psychology in 1931.In 1936 he began his teaching career at Michigan University and was married in the same year. He finished his first book, â€Å"Behavior of Organisms† two years later. (Browse Biography, 2011) Throughout the rest of his life Skinner made breakthrough after breakthrough in the field of psychology and behaviorism. In 1945 he be came the Psychology Department Chair at the University of Indiana and in 1948 joined the psychology department at Harvard where he remained for the rest of his life. (Cherry, 2013) Throughout his impressive career he received many more outstanding honors and awards such as theNational Medal of Science, the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation Award and the Albert Einstein School of Medicine award for excellence in psychiatry as well as many more books and a few inventions. He eventually passed away in 1990 after contributing countless knowledge to the science of psychology. B. F. Skinner is perhaps best recognized for his study and contribution to a particular type of psychology called behaviorism. Behaviorism was first proposed by John Watson who believed that studying the private experience a person has in their mind was too hard of a thing to observe and speculate.He believed psychology had to be studied more as something an organism does that is physically observable by anyone watc hing. Watson, as well as Skinner, was influenced greatly by the experiments done by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov observed that the dogs he had were becoming accustomed to salivating at the sound of a bell he rang each time he fed them. Eventually he didn’t even have to have food to observe the dogs salivating every time he rang the bell because they had learned to respond a certain way to stimulus.The studies done by Pavlov as well as the work of Watson built the foundation upon which Skinner based the rest of his career in the field of psychology. Skinner observed that in the wild, animals have learned ways to find shelter, food and mates all because they have been conditioned by stimuli to do so. He famously tested this theory by inventing something called an â€Å"operant conditioning chamber†. In this chamber he placed a rat and fixed a lever so that when the rat pressed on the lever it received a pellet of food.He found that after a short time in the c hamber, the rat learned that he was given food each time he pressed the lever so he began pressing it over and over until he was no longer hungry. This experiment furthered his approach towards behaviorism and also added to what Watson had proposed. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011) Also slightly contrary to what Watson and Pavlov believed, he proposed that the behavior of an organism did not depend upon the preceding stimulus but on the reward that occurred after the behavior took place. Cherry, 2013) This led Skinner to state in his book, â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†, what he called the principle of reinforcement. Reinforcement basically stated that when an organism does something that causes it to benefit in some way, it is likely to repeat the action in order to receive the benefit again. This allows organisms to adapt to their environments and the conditions they live in, in order to survive. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011) Skinner went on to use his ability to inv ent and his interest in behaviorism to try and benefit society in many different ways.He invented such things as the â€Å"Air crib† which was an enclosed chamber to put a baby inside that would allow you to closely monitor and modify the temperature and humidity of the environment. Unfortunately this didn’t quite catch on after people started to compare it to his earlier invention, the operant conditioning chamber, and wonder whether or not it was too cruel for a child. Another quite interesting invention that he proposed was a pigeon guided missile. During world war two, before the U. S. Navy had a practical way to guide a missile, Skinner found an interesting, almost unbelievable method to guide the missiles.He proposed they incased pigeons within parts of the missile. The pigeons would have a screen in front of them showing the view in front of the missile and they would be able to peck towards the target, therefore guiding the missile in that direction. Amazingly this idea proved to be successful in testing, however, the military found it too eccentric and impractical to be used and never took the idea seriously. (New World Encyclopedia contributors, 2008) Not only was Skinner known for his strange, ingenious inventions but he was also known for proposing an idea which gained him much criticism.In his books â€Å"Beyond Freedom and Dignity† and â€Å"Walden II† Skinner talked about a society completely controlled via behaviorism principles such as reinforcement. Theoretically this society would be made perfect using scientific planning to reinforce all the individuals do behave in the correct ways. In these books he claimed that free will is subjective and only an illusion because we are all accustomed to behaving in the ways we do because we have been reinforced by society over the years to behave that way.This was not a popular statement among critics who said he was giving away humanities free will and thought his goal was t o use his science to manipulate people. These claims seemed to be taken to the extreme however; Skinner merely meant to emphasize the importance reinforcement could have on society. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011) Although behaviorism is no longer looked at as the most important way to view psychology, Skinner had a great impact on society and what we know as psychology today.His work with the conditioning chamber is still considered vital information to psychology today. Professionals in the field of mental health still use his operant techniques today on their clients. (Cherry, 2013) The information in his book â€Å"Verbal Behavior† is still a topic of interest in experimental and applied settings currently. (New World Encyclopedia contributors, 2008) Even teachers and animal trainers use his concept of reinforcement and punishment every day to shape the way kids in their classroom or the animals they train behave. (Cherry, 2013)In a 2002 survey, Skinner was voted to be the number one most influential psychologist of the 20th century by psychologists. His honors, awards, positions, titles and honorary degrees are almost too numerous to even count. I think the evidence as well as the opinions of other psychologists show just how much of an impact this man made on the psychological science. There is no doubt psychology is the science that intro to psych students such as myself are learning about today because of the numerous contributions and influence of B. F. Skinner. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011)References Browse Biography. (2011, January 25). B. f. skinner biography. Retrieved from http://www. browsebiography. com/bio-b_f_skinner. html Cherry, K. (2013). B. f. skinner biography (1904-1990) . Retrieved from http://psychology. about. com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_skinner. htm New World Encyclopedia contributors. (2008, April 4). B. f. skinner. Retrieved from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/p/index. php? title=B. _F. _Skinner&oldid= 687766 Shacter, D. , Gilbert, D. , & Wegner, D. (2011). Psychology. (2nd ed. , pp. 16-18). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

How Were Workhouses Run so That Only Those in Need of Genuine Help Would Apply Essay

Workhouses, tried many things to stop those in need of help applying for help; this was because they soon became to expensive to run which is why the owners of the workhouse began to try to put the public off applying for help. I am going to cover all of the main reasons that tell you why the poor were ‘put off’. To begin, the workhouses soon introduced separation, they had different classifications. These were: Infirm men, able-bodied men and youths above fifteen, boys above the age of seven and under fifteen, infirm women, able-bodied women and girls above fifteen, girls above the age of seven and under fifteen and children under seven (however they were allowed in the same workhouse as either their mother or father). This would mean that if you were classified to a different class than someone else in your family, for instance; you would be separated and not allowed to communicate. This encourage those in need of slightly less help not to apply, as they may have believed that scraping a living with their family and friends would be better than getting separated in a work house. Next, the living conditions may be considered to have been better outside the workhouse, scraping a living, the living conditions were horrific! Firstly, all the women and babies were all living in the same room; this meant that when one baby awakened, apart from a heavy sleeper, everyone woke up. They also slept in square, coffin-like beds, which will have been hardly comfortable to sleep in. For me, if workhouses wanted their employees to perform to their full potential they would have given them good living conditions, however they didn’t want people coming in on demand. Because the workhouses mad the living conditions so horrific, would have encouraged many to not apply for help. This is because they may have believed they would get a longer, more comfortable sleep outside the workhouse. To continue, the food provided was terrible, the food was cooked terribly for a few reasons, two examples would be because the workhouses wanted to save money and buy the cheapest food, for the cheapest possible price and they may have purposely cooked the food badly. They also gave each of the same food for each food break causing people to have a bad diet. Again, people in poverty would not apply for help. People wouldn’t apply because word would spread about the terrible food and people wouldn’t apply because again they could think that they could get better food elsewhere. The workhouse owners probably knew that word of this would spread and less people would apply for help, like they wanted. Next, punishments were very harsh and barely taken into consideration, for instance the workhouse owners would judge whether someone was ill or not ill, for instance, if they judged someone to be well and fit when they were ill the would punish the ill person, for no reason when they should be treating their employee well so that as soon as they had recovered, they would be able to perform at a high standard again. This would have put people off because they would be scared of the owners and if they were a parent, they may feel that they were the person to hand out punishments to child not the owners. The owners most possibly knew again that word would spread and would be ruthless to any parent try who tried to have authority. Working conditions, like living conditions were poor. Some people may have applied sot they may get a more enjoyable job with good earnings, instead they were allocated with jobs such as rope picking, this was where a worker had to get old, battered rope, and individually take each thread off the rope and then put it back together to make good rope. This would have put the poor off because they may feel that the jobs they were doing were more enjoyable plus they may feel that they should be doing better jobs if they were to apply for help because workhouses had been advertised to be the ‘way out’ of problems. My final point is on the fact that the workers had no individuality. The workhouse owners had some rules which were strict and if broken would show no tolerance. An example of this is in a picture, it shows how each of the women in the workhouse are having their meal, everyone’s food is exactly the same food, which for lunch was commonly beef and vegetable soup, so vegetarians would be forced to eat the food, not necessarily by the workhouse owners but by their own hunger because they were served such a small amount, they would be extremely hungry. They were also sat in rows, they were not allowed to socialise and they all had to wear uniforms. This would make employees feel worthless and as if they were in prison and ultimately they would feel demoralised and wouldn’t feel excited for the job they would do after their lunch, for example. Word would have spread about this (Like the owners would have wanted) and the poor would feel that the joy of socialising was worth m ore than living a poor lifestyle. To conclude this essay, I feel the most important factor that people would have taken into consideration would be the fact that families were split; the workhouse owners would have found that this was the biggest blow to a family thinking of applying because they would have wanted to be together.