An Overview of Capital Punishment Essay -- Capital Punishment Death Pe

The question with which we must deal is not whether a substantial proportion of American citizens would today, if polled, opine that capital punishment is barbarously cruel, and whether they would find it to be so in light of every last(predicate) information presently available.- Justice Thurgood MarshallImagine a man who sends murder once, is given over a fifteen-year jail sentence and is returned to the streets where he kills again. He is imprisoned again only to be released. This could happen since almost one in ten goal course inmates has been convicted of murder at least once. That means that some death row inmates receive been given more than one chance to rehabilitate in prison and continue to commit violent crimes. Should the United States justice system continue to let violent criminals back on the streets where they are likely to commit murder again? Capital punishment is one of the oldest forms of punishment in the world. Most societies have considered it a fair pu nishment for severe crimes. It is even mentioned as an appropriate punishment in the Bible. American colonists used capital punishment before the United States was a country, and most states use it today. Currently, however, there is a wide deal of controversy surrounding the death penalty. Capital cases are long and expensive, and there is no proof as to whether capital punishment deters crime. For these reasons total abolishment may be the best way to resolve the capital punishment controversy. If the laws concerning capital punishment were modified, however, capital punishment could become much cheaper, and possibly a lot more effective. Steve Brinker Capital Punishment Give It A ChanceSince the beginning of man, people have been put to death. Capital punishment has been used all over the world as a means of punishing people for their crimes. Here in America, people are usually given a mental testing for their crime, judged upon by the jury and judge, and then finally decided upon their final verdict. If the crime is serious enough, the person is sent to spend time on death row in a maximum-security prison. The judge then sets a date when the person is to be executed. The person has an opportunity to appeal, which must be granted by the governor in the state in which the person is imprisoned. If the pers... ...al punishment has been an instrument of government authority since it was first written into Hammurabis Code nearly four deoxyguanosine monophosphate years ago, if not before. In todays modern, more enlightened times, many find the practice barbaric, and object on principle. Others believe the practice is sometimes justified, but object on grounds of iniquities in its application. Still others believe capital punishment lacks teeth, and would be a more effective chit to crime if used less sparingly, and with less of the Byzantine judicial process currently required. Recent reforms here in Florida reflect the latter view. In an hunting expedit ion to reduce the time actually spent on Death Row by the condemned, the State of Florida is altering its law to require that all appeals be deal within five years of sentencing in the absence of new evidence, and must be submitted simultaneously, not sequentially. At the same time, other states, such as Illinois, have imposed a moratorium on executions. It is an issue few are in total agreement about. Most Americans, however, agree that in the most heinous, horrific cases, the condemned has make his fate.

Public Libraries Essay -- Library Science, American Library Associatio

My Library Celebrate the County Public LibraryPublic libraries play a pivotal role in the lives of many Americans, from early bringing up to senior operate. The majority of Americans believe their local depository library improves their community (94%), and an equally significant bet (65%) have visited at least one time in the past year (American Library Association, 2010). Residents of Connecticut are no exception. As of 2007, Connecticut boosts 195 public libraries containing a circulation of approximately 15.5 million books, and enjoys the third highest rate of per capita library visits in the nation, at 6.5 visits per capita (National Center for Education Statistics, 2009). The West capital of Connecticut Public Library, bests the state average, with approximately 10.5 library visits per capita and a circulation of almost 1 million books, a significant slice of the total state circulation (National Center for Education Statistics, 2009). As the birthplace of Noah Webster a nd mere miles away from the former homes of Mark Twain and Harriet Beecher Stowe, West Hartford has a rich literary history that continues to this day.American libraries have suffered financial blows in recent years (American Library Association, 2010), with Connecticut libraries suffering a 15 year operating income low in 2010 (CT Library Community) however, in the current state of the nation, public libraries are experiencing a resurgence in popularity, as individuals get by the recession flock to public libraries (Rooney-Brown, 2009). Residents of communities across the country are taking advantage of the free services public libraries offer, such as videodisk rentals, computer usage, social groups, workshops, lectures, and countless other public assistances (Rooney-Brown, 2009).... ...ion Statistics, 2009). If residents were aware of the numerous services offered by the library, presumably they would visit the WHPL at a greater frequency. The primary simulated military oper ation of the campaign will be to leverage each service as an argument for visiting the library. The campaign will present a significant number of arguments and in turn, boost My Librarys credibility. The services presented may range from free Internet and computer usage to free mediation sessions. The diversity of the services in addition to the sheer number of services will provide a strong argument, as each service provides a unique benefit to library patrons. Equally important, the act of visiting the library requires a strong degree of motivation and effort. Research shows that several robust arguments significantly supplement the cater of a message if the recipient is highly involved (Petty &

East Asian Civilization :: essays research papers

The Civil receipts Examination System of Imperial mainland China served as a qualification system for scholars who cute to become officials in the Chinese government. Many young men spent their entire lives studying the Four Books, the Five Classics, and memorizing Chinese characters in order to flack to pass these examinations. The intelligence, Chinas Examination Hell, written by Ichisada Miyazaki and translated by Conrad Schirokauer, describes the lengthy, and often rigorous process of taking Civil Service Examinations. The book begins by giving an greenback of how a young boy prepares for the examinations, learning his commencement Chinese characters at the age of three. Girls could not take the Civil Service Examinations, and from yield were treated in a way such that they would learn to be submissive. Boys began their formal education at age seven. From that point on, they spent every event memorizing the Four Books, which include the Analects, Mencius, the Great Learn ing, and the Doctrine of the Mean, and the Five Classics, which included the Book of Changes, the Book of Documents, the Book of Poetry, the Book of Rites, and the Tso Chuan. Young men had the opportunity to take their first Civil Service Examination around the age of fourteen or fifteen, and particularly bright males would most likely continue taking different levels of examinations for the simplicity of their lives. Also set forth in the book are the hardships endured by both the candidates for examination and the examiners themselves. The test-taking compounds were not very conductive to rational thinking, as each creation was assigned a small, door-less cubicle in which he had to spend three days and two nights at a time. The examiners, by the end of an examination session, had thousands of text file needing to be graded. As a result, even the smallest mistake, such as a stain on the paper or a misprinted character would lead to reverse of the examination. The book describe s in detail how the Chinese believed in, and in some cases relied on, supernatural intervention in passing the examinations. There are many accounts throughout the book telling more or less candidates and examiners alike being visited by ghosts, and dreaming about the King of the Dead and the King of Heaven. It was believed that if a candidate was virtuous and performed good deeds, he would be rewarded by passing the Civil Service Examinations. Conversely, if a candidate did not have a good moral character, he would fail the examinations, no matter of the quality of his work. eastern hemisphere Asian Civilization essays research papers The Civil Service Examination System of Imperial China served as a qualification system for scholars who wanted to become officials in the Chinese government. Many young men spent their entire lives studying the Four Books, the Five Classics, and memorizing Chinese characters in order to attempt to pass these examinations. The book, Chinas Examin ation Hell, written by Ichisada Miyazaki and translated by Conrad Schirokauer, describes the lengthy, and often rigorous process of taking Civil Service Examinations. The book begins by giving an account of how a young boy prepares for the examinations, learning his first Chinese characters at the age of three. Girls could not take the Civil Service Examinations, and from birth were treated in a way such that they would learn to be submissive. Boys began their formal education at age seven. From that point on, they spent every moment memorizing the Four Books, which included the Analects, Mencius, the Great Learning, and the Doctrine of the Mean, and the Five Classics, which included the Book of Changes, the Book of Documents, the Book of Poetry, the Book of Rites, and the Tso Chuan. Young men had the opportunity to take their first Civil Service Examination around the age of fourteen or fifteen, and particularly bright males would most likely continue taking different levels of exa minations for the rest of their lives. Also described in the book are the hardships endured by both the candidates for examination and the examiners themselves. The test-taking compounds were not very conductive to rational thinking, as each man was assigned a small, door-less cubicle in which he had to spend three days and two nights at a time. The examiners, by the end of an examination session, had thousands of papers needing to be graded. As a result, even the smallest mistake, such as a stain on the paper or a misprinted character would lead to failure of the examination. The book describes in detail how the Chinese believed in, and in some cases relied on, supernatural intervention in passing the examinations. There are many accounts throughout the book telling about candidates and examiners alike being visited by ghosts, and dreaming about the King of the Dead and the King of Heaven. It was believed that if a candidate was virtuous and performed good deeds, he would be reward ed by passing the Civil Service Examinations. Conversely, if a candidate did not have a good moral character, he would fail the examinations, regardless of the quality of his work.

Zora Neale Hurston, Alice Walker, and Paule Marshall :: essays papers

Zora Neale Hurston, Alice baby-walker, and Paule MarshallAlice Walker, through her essay In Search of Our Mothers Gardens, and Paule Marshall, in Poets In The Kitchen, both write about the African-American women of the bygone and how these women have had an impact on their writing. Walker and Marshall write about an identity they have found with these women because of their exposure to the African culture. These women were searching for independence and freedom. Walker expresses independence as found in the creative spirit, and Marshall finds it through the spoken word. Walker and Marshall celebrate these womens lives and they see them as inspirations to become pitch-black women writers.Zora Neale Hurstons Sweat embodies some aspects that are found in Walkers and Marshalls essays. Delia, the main character, has an identity that is found through her hard work and spirituality. She also finds her freedom and independence in her home.It is essential to first analyze Walkers and Ma rshalls essays through from each one of the themes of identity, independence, and inspiration, respectively. Then these themes will be drawn out of Hurstons work to show the similarity between each of these writers works.Walker and Marshall write about an identity that they have found with African-American women of the past. They both refer to great writers such as Zora Neale Hurston or Phillis Wheatley. and more importantly, they connect themselves to their ancestors. The see that their writings can be identified with what the unknown African-American women of the past longed to say but they did not have the freedom to do so. They both admire many literary greats such as Charles Dickens, Virginia Woolf, and Jane Austen, but they appreciate these authors works more than they can identify with them.Walkers and Marshalls identification is link to the African-American culture that they have been exposed to throughout their lives. Walker states that Therefore we must pull o ut of ourselves and look at and identify with our lives the living creativeness some of our great-grandmothers were not allowed to know. I stresssome of them because it is well-known that the majority of our great-grandmothers knew without even knowing it, the reality of their spirituality, even if they didnt recognize it beyond what happened in the render at church (Walker, 1996 2318-2319). Walker delves into the subconscious and ever-present spirituality that is found in African-American women and she believes that it is important to identify with this.

Solomon Northups Twelve Years A Slave Essay -- Essays on Twelve Years

After reading Solomon Northups Twelve Years A Slave, I was overwhelmed with his experience. He was born a free man in New York in 1808. In 1841 he was tricked, captured, and sold into slavery in Washington, D.C. Throughout his book, Solomon goes into exposit describing his life as a slave, which validates our critique of slavery. As abolitionists, it is our duty to do something more or less slavery. Although, as abolitionists, we have a history of disagreements among us, it time to put a stop to our arguments and start fighting for something we all believe in - to abolish slavery. While the growing cotton economy has made slavery more photogenic than ever before to most gray people, slavery has to be abolished based on these reasons first, because slaves atomic number 18 treated inhumanly second, because it makes southern white society savage and cruel, and third, it turns southern whites into greedy and lazy people.One of the main reasons that slavery should be abolished is because masters treat their slaves inhumanly. Masters disregard the idea of family among slaves. Although they encourage slave marriage, they do so out of selfish reasons. Slaves who have families are likely to have kids, who will become property of the master after birth, and at the same time they are least likely to run away. In addition, the actual law does not provide any protection or recognition of slave marriage or family, which discourages the formation of family among slaves . Just like the law, masters do not take families into consideration and are reluctant to break slave families by sale. For example when Eliza was sold, she begged her clean master to purchase her daughter as well. However, Freeman would not sell Emily, because there were piles... ...e Declaration of the Independence.After reading Twelve Years A Slave, I was sad to find out about how people struggle however, at the same time I was excited because it would open up peoples eyes about the mistrea tment of African-Americans. It provides examples of how slaves are treated on daily basis it also shows how whites in the South are breaking the law, which fails to serve justice even if they are caught in the act. It also shows how people in the South are turning into a barbaric and uncivilized society. Therefore as abolitionists, we feel that unless slavery is abolished, the goal of this surface area to make all men free and equal has failed. So if our fight for freedom has failed, what is left of our country?Works CitedNorthup, Solomon. Twelve Years a Slave. 1853. Ed. work on Eakin and Joseph Logsdon. Baton Rouge Louisiana State UP, 1975.

Solomon Northups Twelve Years A Slave Essay -- Essays on Twelve Years

After reading Solomon Northups Twelve Years A Slave, I was overwhelmed with his experience. He was born a free man in New York in 1808. In 1841 he was tricked, captured, and sold into slavery in Washington, D.C. Throughout his book, Solomon goes into details describing his life as a slave, which validates our critique of slavery. As abolitionists, it is our craft to do something about slavery. Although, as abolitionists, we hit a history of disagreements among us, it time to put a stop to our arguments and start fighting for something we all believe in - to abolish slavery. While the growing cotton economy has made slavery more attractive than ever before to most southern people, slavery has to be abolished based on these reasons first, because slaves are treated inhumanly second, because it makes southern white society savage and cruel, and third, it turns southern whites into greedy and lazy people.One of the main reasons that slavery should be abolished is because masters treat their slaves inhumanly. Masters disregard the idea of family among slaves. Although they encourage slave marriage, they do so out of selfish reasons. Slaves who have families are likely to have kids, who will become property of the master after birth, and at the same time they are least likely to run away. In addition, the actual constabulary does non provide any protection or recognition of slave marriage or family, which discourages the formation of family among slaves . Just like the law, masters do non take families into consideration and are reluctant to break slave families by sale. For example when Eliza was sold, she begged her new master to purchase her daughter as well. However, Freeman would not sell Emily, because there were piles... ...e Declaration of the Independence.After reading Twelve Years A Slave, I was sad to find out about how people cope however, at the same time I was excited because it would open up peoples eyes about the mistreatment of Afri can-Americans. It provides examples of how slaves are treated on daily basis it to a fault shows how whites in the South are breaking the law, which fails to serve justice even if they are caught in the act. It also shows how people in the South are good turn into a barbaric and uncivilized society. Therefore as abolitionists, we feel that unless slavery is abolished, the goal of this country to make all men free and equal has failed. So if our fight for freedom has failed, what is left of our country?Works CitedNorthup, Solomon. Twelve Years a Slave. 1853. Ed. Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon. Baton Rouge Louisiana State UP, 1975.

The Diary of Anne Frank Rtl: Mood

When the Franks and forefront Deans enter the annex they still have hope that they can et through this especi altogethery Anne You could not do this you could not do that but somehow we children managed to have fun. Everyone is nervous as well they feel a touch of nervousness of what Lies ahead. I dont constantly want you to go beyond that door ( Mr.. Frank, pig 711). They sp completion their clock doing nothing but moving around In their little annex at first, but then the tension in their families start to break. Peter and Anne start to make fun of each other Anne mocking Pewters Cat and Peter reminding Anne of ageing schoolyard names she used to be called.Anne starts to annoy everyone as well. But the real conflict starts with the Van Deans. You ought to be ashamed of yourself (Mr.. Van Dana, pig 718) Mr.. Van Dana directs to Peter, demonstrate off his disappointment of Peter. The annex becomes heated with arguments between Anne and the Van Deans, them calling Anne rude and tr oublesome. After all this arguing everything becomes still and calm Just as Mr.. Diesel arrives. Anne and her mothers relationship takes a toll on the group leaving them all depressed. They all try and make things work but they cant shake that feeling.They all feel hurt from all the squabbling, Anne says it shell Oh Pimp, I was horrible wasnt They all feel down In the dumps but when Hanukkah arrives. Its the first night of Hanukkah and they atomic number 18 all happy for once. That was very moving (Mr.. Diesel, pig 736) responded Diesel to Mr.. Franks prayer. They are all uplifted by everything and everyone especially Anne as she generously gave presents to everyone. That Is until Peter and Mr.. Van Dana start to fight about his cat, and from bad to worse a burglar comes and scares all of them dampening their mood.But through all of that they sing a Hanukkah song and end their night in happiness. As always this does not last. They are all hungry and bitter. The Van Deans more than anyone, Their discussions becoming more violent (Anne pig 749) expound Anne. They all are becoming even angrier. Except for Peter and Anne, they are becoming closer, but leaving everyone else lonely. They all become slightly more starry-eyed because of news from MIPS. The Invasion had begun, the allies landed on Normandy. This gave everyone hope of survival. Peter and Anne are still friends, they are all happy.Anger arises when Mr.. Van Dana is caught stealing food, Mrs.. Frank fantastic and yelling at him to leave. This 1 OFF all spirals Into something worse when ten Nazis Tina teen, teen are all captured t dread they had felt the whole time in the annex finally hits them with full force. The Franks and Van Deans experience in hiding was terrible. They all felt dread the whole time. They were hiding their emotions as best as they could. They clung to their memories and ultimately their lives. They felt a dreadful mixture of hope and misery.

A Roman Senator and the Ides of March

A papist senator heard a rumor of an assassination attempt against Julius Caesar. There were two things in his mind 1) if the assassination succeeded, should be declared legitimate by the Roman senate, and 2) assuming Julius Caesar is a power hungry tyrant, should the assassination a matter of humans policy be endorsed by the Roman Senate.Now this senator approached the Great Forum to explain his views of Julius Caesar. In his mind, Caesar is a tyrant inclined to destroy the Roman aristocracy. Although Caesar conquered lands for Rome, it does not serve to declare him dictator for life. In his models, if Caesar was a true leader of the Roman world, he must learn to relinquish power when required by the state.The Roman senator approached one of the benches of the Roman Senate, and began to talk. He concealed his thoughts about Caesar in metaphors and ironies, offering the Senate both the opportunity to criticize Caesar (in the form of satire) and the chance not to be killed by Caes ar. Now came the Ides of March the day of Caesars assassination. A senator born from a noble Roman family, this senator decided to join Brutus and Cassius.Before the assassination, he argued that killing Caesar should be thought off as an honorable duty to the state. Only an assassination can save the Roman Republic from the sting of a new kingship. Then appeared flashes of Pompey in his mind the true champion of the Roman Republic. The Ides of March to him was his greatest achievement that is, the means to liberate the Roman world from the bonds of a tyrant.Work CitedGibbon, Edward. The Roman Republic. Ed. By Nero A. Saunders. capital of the United Kingdom London Publishing House, 1790/1967.

The phenomenon of truancy

Chapter 3 Research Design3.1 IntroductionThe intent of the discern is to look into the phenomenon of hooky and so to qualify the nature and associated factors, to see appropriate direction thereof. It is envisaged that, with more penetration, effectual intercession schemes can be implemented. Furthermore, secondary -education decision- shitrs may take consequences into history when discipline-attendance policies are reviewed.The reappraisal of the literature presented in the predating chapters reveals that secondary school scholars continue to play awol and lose the educational chances provided by mandatory school ordinances. Learners who play awol limit their ain opportunities of geting the demand accomplishments to fix themselves for future employment. We anyways looked at the different types of hooky, insouciant factors and assorted attacks that film been used to cut down hooky. This chapter describes the manner the empirical refresh is aforethought(ip) and conducted, and volition concentrate on the undermentioned facetsThe seek inquiries The research method 3.2 Research QuestionsThe research worker together with the community of educationists are concerned just ab start the fact that scholars continue to remain off from school by either lo babble out the whole twenty-four hours of school or by losing certain lessons without permission from the school governments and parents. Students who play awol licking the purposes of the vision of the educational system which is based on fixing scholars for effectual citizenship and employability. The follow are the chief research inquiries that forget be confronted in this survey.What is the extent and grade of hooky in footings of the frequence and figure of learns involved?What are the forms, type or nature of hooky?Where make hooky players travel when non at school or in folk?What steps are used to supervise and pull off hooky?3.3. The research legal documents3.3.1. The QuestionnaireTo reply the resear ch inquiries presented above, information was collected by agencies of a questionnaire ( See Appendix 1 ) . Using a questionnaire is appropriate for a assortment of grounds, namely because it is economical, it ensures namelessness, peculiarly when covering with a big sample and it helps in developing a general image to a phenomenon within a community sing similar conditions ( Nardi, 2003 Punch, 1998 ) . Upon careful consideration of bing questionnaires from the literature, the research worker has decided to roll up a new one for the current survey. The legs that are allow ind in this questionnaire are based on facts that are likely to lend to researching the phenomenon of hooky and are derived from the literature reappraisal. Some of these points are determined by the research inquiries fare for this survey.The questionnaire employed for this first portion of the survey follows a quantitative attack. The determination to follow this design helps to research grounds of absenteeis m from pupils positions, chiefly through the followersAbsenteeism against sexual urge differences Absenteeism due to age and signifier Absenteeism due to school background Absenteeism with no ground Absenteeism due to household constructions Absenteeism related to repeated primary category 3.3.2. master surveyTwo processs were carried out during the pre-testing stage of the questionnaire. Harmonizing to Cooper and Schinder ( 2003 ) , the research worker may trust on experts when flying the instrument to place alterations that can be made with perplexing points. Experts and co-workers included a caput of school and my supervisor who are experienced in research were heartily requested to analyze the questionnaire to look into whether there were all points that needed to be changed or rephrased, every irregular good the rightness of the clip set for finishing the questionnaire. The following process involved completion of the questionnaire by a sample of 20 Form 1 pupils and 20 F orm 2 pupils non included the sample. The points in the questionnaire were hence considered to be satisfactory in footings of some(prenominal) diction and format.3.3.3. Validity and ReliabilityCogency refers to the extent to which an instrument measures what is it is supposed to mensurate. In order to set up its cogency the questionnaire was given to experts to find kernel and face cogency. Harmonizing to Johnson and Christensen ( 2004 ) , content cogency is a judgmental act where experts check whether the points represent the concept which is being studied every bit good as the diction, arranging and scar of the instruments. On the other manus, face cogency refers to the extend to which the respondents will comprehend the instruments as being valid to prove what it is suppose to prove ( Black, 1999 ) .The extent to which the instrument will supply the same consequences on subsequent disposal known as dependability was statistically obtained. The Cronbach Alpha correlativity expr ession was used to null dependability. The value obtained is 0.83, which indicates that the dependability of the instrument is satisfactory.3.4 SamplingThe focal point of choice of participants for this survey centres on pupils and educational professionals in schools. For the quantitative survey, the mark population is Form 1 and Form 2 pupils in the secondary school degree. Schools identified for this research include State secondary schools and Church schools. State secondary schools include devil types of schools, viz. the Junior Lyceum and the Area secondary school pupils. In the coming of the educational reform at once being undertaken in the Maltese educational system, a new construction of colleges is integrating both Junior Lyceum and Area secondary school pupils into one school. Data for this survey is collected from presently amalgamated schools and non-amalgamated schools.For the qualitative survey of this research, a focal point group with a figure of educational pro fessionals is carried out. Participants for the focal point group include overt instructors, PSD instructors, Guidance instructors and one Young person Worker. The qualitative survey in any case includes two semi-structured in-depth interviews with one train of School whose school has besides been targeted for the quantitative survey every bit good as a Guidance instructor from the Guidance Unit in the province educational sector.3.4.1 The Quantitative StudySix different schools have been selected at random, integrating two Junior Lyceum schools, two Area Secondary schools and two Church schools. An mean equal sample of respondents was collected from distributively class of schools and is including a balanced sample from male childs and misss schools.The study questionnaire was administered to Form 1 and Form 2 pupils of the three school classs. The disposal of the study was carried out after reception of blessing both by the Planning and Development Department within the Direc torate for Quality and Standards in Education ( DQSE ) every bit good as by the schools targeted for informations aggregation. The existent disposal of the study was carried out in coaction with the school disposals and was chiefly distributed through the support of the Personal and genial Development ( PSD ) instructors who administrated the study and collected the duly filled questionnaires. The research worker finally made agreements with the school disposals to roll up the studies. The research worker besides engaged in informations aggregation processs to roll up informations from schools within her range.The questionnaire consisted of three chief subdivisions, including ( I ) demographics, ( two ) forms, type and nature of hooky and ( three ) policies undertaken at a school degree to battle hooky and school absenteeism. Following the necessary clean-up of unsatisfactorily filled questionnaires, the entire figure of questionnaires employed for analysis consisted of g-force to the full returned studies.3.4.2 The Qualitative StudyThe qualitative survey incorporates two research designs. The first will be a focal point group and the 2nd will affect semi-structured in-depth interviews. The focal point group is intended to roll up informations from educational professionals on the manifestation and policies adopted across the three school classs on hooky and school absenteeism. Identified participants for this focal point group includes capable instructors, P.S.D. instructors, counsel instructors and one young person worker who is employed on a parttime footing by the Directorate of Educational Services. The interview agenda for the focal point group is here presented in Appendix 2.The semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out with a Head of School and a Counselor from the counsel and reding unit. The interview agenda for these interviews was developed from the literature reappraisal carried out in chapter 2, the informations obtained from the qua ntitative survey and the feedback obtained from the focal point group. These interviews are intended to endorse up the quantitative analysis and to supply extra penetration on current patterns and schemes adopted to battle school hooky and absenteeism ( See Appendix 3 ) .3.5 RestrictionsThe initial program was to include all pupils registered for Form1 and Form2 categories in the identified schools. A little figure of pupils in each category were regarded as absent at the clip of informations aggregation. When using for the relevant permissions, the Research Planning and Development section clearly indicated the research worker to curtail the research to a lower limit of pupils, instructors, decision makers, schools and to avoid any waste of clip during the visits to schools. As a effect to the limitations made upon the research worker, a purposive sample of participants undertook the procedure of informations aggregation for this survey.3.6 Datas ProcessingThe nature of the inform ation here being investigated reflects features in the general population that should non convey out any differences between males and females on behaviors of hooky and school absenteeism. In this respect the statistical analysis will use the non parametric step of rating viz. Chi square. Any ascertain differences will function to accept or reject the void hypotheses on these parametric quantities. Any important differences ensuing from this analysis would assist to accept the thumb hypotheses from the sample of participants in this survey, hence bring forthing evidences for accepting the alternate hypotheses.All the informations shall be analysed utilizing the Statistical bundle for the Social Sciences ( SPSS ) version 17.3.7 DecisionsThis chapter provided an overview of how this survey was planned and conducted. This chapter has besides presented research inquiries for the current survey and identified the research instruments to roll up informations in this respect. The researc h design is constructed upon a quantitative survey and a qualitative survey with well-thought-of instruments. Elementss of cogency and dependability of the questionnaire and the pilot testing of this instrument present an first-class scenario for a valid information aggregation procedure. The participants for this survey include pupils every bit good as instructors and other professionals working in close contact with the phenomenon here under probe. This chapter presented a elaborate reappraisal of the arduous method every bit good as the features of both surveies to be carried out. Finally restrictions in the research design are besides presented. The consequences of the empirical survey are presented in the following chapter.

The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals Who Stutter

The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals who Stutter publications The Acoustics of Speech in Individuals who Stutter existence Research concerning acousticals in children who stutter, who have rec all overed from stuttering and adult stutterers shows that there is a lack of coherency in the entropy collected and reforms need to be make to the methods involved. The look that has been conducted on stuttering pertains mostly to the condition in children stuttering is most prevalent in younger children and in most cases will be corrected by the later years of youth.Researchers working within the field are confronted by many problematic factors when both conducting their research and particularizedally in analysing data. Diverse methods of data compilation and independent methods of interpretation squiffy that what one scientists concludes from an experiment may non support established theories and existing information on the subject. It give notice be assumed that analytic thin king of acoustics in stuttering needs to be done with a specific framework that all researchers can work from.Issues like the diagnosis of stuttering complexes from mild, defy and severe the focus on frequency changes and subtyping have all been encountered and brought up for review by researchers who wish to have a more fully travel database from which to sight stuttering in all its forms. A review of literature on the subject exposes many difficulties within the field of research and offers suggestions on how these qualification be addressed and overcome. Once a basic premise for observation, study and analysis is reached, the database will be much more comprehensive and partful to future research.Literature Review Acoustic analysis is the foundation to stuttering research conducted by many divergent scientists and scholars the steerings in which this research is conducted vary, however, and therefore can produce subsequently varied results and different ways of looking at stuttering itself. Some researchers are of the opinion that stuttering is heavily influenced by the actual perception of listeners, and that though analysis of answer and perception of acoustics in stutterers it is possible to more fully comprehend those characteristics of linguistic process that are a part of the disorder (Amir, Yairi).Through analysis of speech patterns in preschool aged children, the researchers concluded that interval duration in speech patterns must exceed 70 ms to be considered normal speech under 50 ms interval duration was therefore attributed to stutterers. Some researchers have taken acoustic analysis to a new level with the use of the computer as a more failsafe analytical tool due to a lack of specific acoustic parameters by which to classify stuttering the computer offers a more steadfast foundation for diagnosis and treatment (Brosch, Hage, Johannsen).Research conducted by these authors was inconclusive because of a lack of cohesive data on the sub ject, however it is their belief that with shape up study one might cave in understand the coefficient of correlations among specific acoustics and the different stages of stuttering. The primary factor thought to be attributed to stuttering in different stages is age. Chang, Ohde and Conture believe that it is a disorganization of specific factors of speech, in particular the transition rate of speech formation, that can be cited as a precursor to stuttering. This research is key to the reading of tuttering studies because currently there are very little data or theoretical models to explain the conditions that lead to stuttering in children. Through acoustic analysis not only of children and adults who currently stutter, but the acoustic analysis of children who will later develop a stutter, these researchers believe that more will be understood intimately the progression of the disorder and subsequently the treatment methods themselves. Given the normalities of much stutte ring data, it has been concluded that subtyping of the disorder would help greatly with further research and the uture specialization of treatments and diagnoses (Yairi). In this case, the acoustic analysis carried out by researchers would be make very specific and varied attention would be paid to transition rates, vowel duration, particularities of speech disfluency and some other(prenominal) inconsistencies attributed to stuttering. Yairis research has barely to lead to subtypes of the disorder, however the belief remains that through more acoustic analysis, enough data will be gather to start separating the disorder into more than one general field. Frequency changes and second formant transitions in reschool children who stutter persistently and who have recovered from the condition show general differences in speech patterns amid the two gatherings. Most poignant was the fact that the research showed frequency changes in persistent stutterers were discreet while the reco very group showed marked frequency changes (Subramanian, Yairi, Amir). Research much(prenominal) as this helps to support Yairis theory that subtyping may be useful in the field. Along these lines, Armson and Kalinowski pointed out the difficulties in performing acoustic analysis on stutterers when the condition itself may be changing the data.These researchers feel that to properly assess acoustic data they must remove how to separate those factors out which cause stuttering, and which are inherent in individuals only after one has begun to stutter. The acoustics of one individual in a pre-stuttering state might show related frequencies and vowel duration, as well as the same speech rate and consonant-vowel repetitions to that of a stutterer the researchers maintain, however, that the cognitive functions of one who stutters might be significantly different that that of an individual who does not stutter but will later develop the disorder.Cognitive and acoustic factors of stutter ing are currently inextricable from those of the prestutterer, and until these can be separated the data gathered on the subject will remain generalized and of less value than it might be. As well as this, information on acoustics must be analyzed both during the stutter and during normal speech in the same individual. Paden, Abrose and Yairi studied the phonological acoustics of stutterers and non-stutterers to ascertain whether there were any significant differences between the two groups.Through the observation of children over a two-year span, attention was paid to not only current differences in the phonological skills of the children but the changes in those skill levels over time. They found that the phonological skill level of children who had recovered from stuttering were markedly higher than that of children who currently stutter over the course of two years, however, the skill levels were developed and no significant difference could be shown. Flipsen Jr. , Hammer and Yo st point out that perhaps the major shortcoming in the field is the fact that Clinicians are esponsible for identifying stuttering cases and labelling them either mild, moderate or severe. This center that Clinicians must rely on their own individual acoustic analysis to interpret the bad weather of stuttering case by case, and in doing so are likely to be inconsistent. Personal analysis of the acoustics of several different individuals who stutter means that although analysis is based on regimented disfluency factors, such as vowel duration and frequency, relying solely on acoustic interpretation though listening cannot be scientifically sound.The researchers propose that a better method must be contrived in a study that supports Brosch, Hage and Johanssens computer analysis theory. In keeping with the idea that research on stuttering must be more specialized, Louis, Myers, Faragasso, Townsend and Gallagher have studied a particular disorder that is often attributed to stutterer s but which they verify is a different disorder. Cluttering is an irregularity that has to do with the rate of speech people with this condition will either speak more rapidly than normal or they will have inconsistencies in the rate of speech.While many researchers will have cluttering placed in the same field as stuttering, Louis (et al) believes that it is generalizations like this that cripple the scientific community. Acoustic analysis of cluttered speakers shows clearly that the condition is not the same as stuttering while stuttering has a more clustered effect on the phonemes of speech, cluttering is less specific to certain vowel and consonant groups. Gohinho, Ingham, Davidow and Cotton have discovered that in treatment of stuttering, the reduction of short-deviation phonetic intervals has a direct guess on the condition.Acoustic analysis of normal stuttering and manipulated speech in normal stutterers suggested that phonetic interval distribution in the two speech groups were generally different this theory was inconclusive. In terms of treatment, however, it has been useful and is thought to offer new possibilities in treatment procedures. Ingham, Fox, Ingham, Xiong, Zamarripa, Hardies and Lancaster conducted their own research based on gender differences between stutterers. Data were collected in terms both of acoustics and of cerebral blood flow in adults.While females are more likely to recover from stuttering in childhood and males are generally more susceptible to the condition, this research found that the stages of recovery were not significantly different between the gender groups. The researchers concluded that chronic stuttering was related to abnormal speech-motor and auditory region interactions. Healey and Ramig conducted research into stuttering that was specific to treatment, specifically treatment length and its effect on differing severities of the condition.Acoustic analysis of patients undergoing treatment showed that the sever ity of each case made no significant difference to recovery and the transition from one level to another similarly treatment time made no difference in the progression and recovery of stutterers. Max and Caruso also explored treatment options, finding that fluency adaptation through the process of repeating specific readings was improved over other methods of treatment. With specific phonological aspects in the readings, designed to ontain certain phrases and vowel-consonant groups that give stutterers trouble normally, these were given to treatment patients to repeat until any changes were observe in speech patterns. Repetition treatments have traditionally very popular and due to their superiority over many other methods these treatments continue to dominate in the field. Specific study of the different aspects of language and acoustics means that a scenario for stuttering can be pieced together slowly and formed of many different speech part as well as cerebral and other physic al data (Natke, Grosser, Sandrieser, Kalveram).Research into the effect of stressed syllables within speech and stuttering was conducted with reference to the length of such syllables. Natke and his colleagues hypothesized that stressed syllables were responsible for stuttering in many individuals, and studies proved that these were indeed catalysts for stuttering in most cases. Whether or not duration of stressed syllables has anything to do with disfluency is not yet apparent. Currently, Yaruss believes, no correlation can be drawn between utterance rates and response time latency.His own research explored these and consequently still was not supportive of the theory that conversational speaking rates were actually related to response time latency. He does believe that if more research were conducted into this area, a correlation would indeed be found inadequate methods of acoustic analysis are cited as the reason why hypotheses such as these remain unproven. In Yairis response to the criticisms of Wingate on his theories of diversity in the field of acoustic study, he asserts that there are many different ways to study stuttering and that these varying methods should be valued.Wingate proposes, like many scholars, that there should only be one method of study so that subsequent data compilations are relevant to one another and more easily formed into future subdivisions of the disorder. While Yairi does not dispute the value of specialization within the field for the sake of greater knowledge and better treatment plans, he does maintain that a fundamental diversity among researchers is a positive attribute. In terms of acoustic analysis, this means that the lack of cohesion between existing research would persist.Evaluation of Published Research and Conclusions Overwhelmingly, researchers in the specific linguistic field that study stuttering and its related conditions are asking for continuity in research methods and data organization. While independent re searchers and study groups might be able to find their own way of cultivating date, studying acoustics of stutterers, non-stutterers and recovering stutterers and interpreting this data, it is essentially of no use to the rest of the field unless aspects of the study can be repeated.Researchers like Brosche, Hage and Johanssen are particularly forward thinking in their approach to acoustic analysis, because unlike so many of their colleagues they are not continuing to rely on what they believe to be inferior techniques. The use of computer analysis in terms of stuttering acoustics not only means that a discrepancy between professionals can be ruled out in the future but that further information can be gathered concerning speech patterns that are undistinguishable to the unaided ear. Yairi is also correct when he says that there is more than one way to study stuttering.If all researchers relied on exactly the same techniques then no breakthroughs could be expected in the field despi te this fact most acoustic analysts who wish to better understand stuttering simply want a basic framework upon which to base their own studies and interpret the results of others. If a certain degree of flexibility could be maintained in acoustic analysis while certain fundamental factors were incorporated, researchers would be in a better position to interpret and puzzle their own results in relation to the work of colleagues. Factors that might feature in each research project might nclude vowel duration, second formant transition, conversational fixedness and other specific disfluency forms. By using these factors in all research related to stuttering, whether the study is based on such factors or not, will mean that although two research projects might be based on completely different theories the results can still be comparatively put together. If one research project focuses on brain activity and blood flow during stuttered speech, and another focuses on frequency, results may still have relevance to one another because of the use of basic acoustic analysis.Coherency is needed in this field of research so that results and future treatments are made clearer. Implementing basic acoustic analyses in every research project will help to form a stuttering database that can be referenced by every researcher. Reference List Amir, O. , Yairi, E. (2002). The effect of worldly manipulation on the perception of disfluencies as normal or stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, vol. 35, 63-82. Armson, J. , Kalinowski, J. (1994). 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