Gun Rights vs Gun Control Essay -- right to bear arms, gun laws

The continuing Mass Shootings in the United States has caused the gun control debate to intensify. While anti-gun control advocates say the Second Amendment guarantees each individual the right to bear arms, the pro-gun control group reads the Second Amendment as a collective right to bear arms; meaning organized militia are the only ones with that right. This essay will analyse the effectiveness of several different articles which present arguments for and against gun control. Charles W. Collier’s article, â€Å"Gun Control in America: An Autopsy Report†, dives into the controversial topic of gun ownership and gun control in the United States. He uses recent shootings, including the George Zimmerman case and the Connecticut elementary school shooting, to present his case that gun violence will remain in the United States as long as guns remain high in number and low in regulation. Collier states that if Americans did not intend the consequences of holding an army with almost unlimited access to firearms, they would start demanding laws to control the gun violence: But changes of this magnitude are hardly to be expected—not in a land where a one-gun-per-month purchase limit counts as bold—even â€Å"pioneering†Ã¢â‚¬â€legislation. (The debate over assault weapons and high-capacity magazines, after all, is not about whether people will be killed; it is about how many will be killed, and how quickly). (81) Collier writes his article in a pessimistic view of the future of gun regulation. He uses logos in the quote above by using deductive reasoning. Collier writes about the generalization that any gun legislation should be unexpected because the specific case of the one-gun-per-month purchase limit. Collier uses pathos heavily throughout the a... ...additional information concerning gun control, the reader is left to make his or her educated opinion. Works Cited "Countering The Gun Lobby With Data." Bloomberg Businessweek 4347 (2013): 10. Business Source Premier. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. "Enforcement of Gun Control Laws." Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. N.p.: ABC-CLIO, 2003. Credo Reference. 16 July 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. "Gun Control." Guns in American Society: An Encyclopedia of History, Politics, Culture and the Law. N.p.: ABC-CLIO, 2003. Credo Reference. 16 July 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. Collier, Charles W. "Gun Control In America: An Autopsy Report." Dissent (00123846) 60.3 (2013): 81-86. Academic Search Premier. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. "Gun Control Overview." Congressional Digest 92.3 (2013): 3-7. Academic Search Premier. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.

B.F. Skinner’s Contribution to Psychology

B. F. Skinner’s Contribution to Modern Psychology Ian K. Connelly Oklahoma State University B. F. Skinner’s Contribution to Modern Psychology As I began to study the history and beginning of psychology there was one man who stood out to me clearly as a powerful force of influence and contributor to the direction psychology has taken in its still very young life. What does it mean to be a major influential contributor to the science of psychology? This man shows us with his groundbreaking theories, inventions and experiments as well as his over 200 books and articles on the field of psychology.He is Burrhus Frederic Skinner and he is one of the reasons psychology is the profound and crucial science that it is today. (New World Encyclopedia contributors, 2008) B. F. Skinner was born in 1904 in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. His early life consisted of his efforts to become a fictional writer. He attended Hamilton College where he received a B. A. in English literature in 1926 . Afterward he spent some time living with his parents attempting to write fictional books. Cherry, 2013) It was during this time that he began to wonder about how an author was supposed to understand the behaviors of the characters he portrayed without knowing what psychological processes and thoughts lie beneath. His research led him to discover the work of John Broadus Watson who proposed behaviorism for the first time. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011) This seemed to interest him much more than fictional writing did so he applied for the psychology graduate program at Harvard University where he received a doctorate in experimental psychology in 1931.In 1936 he began his teaching career at Michigan University and was married in the same year. He finished his first book, â€Å"Behavior of Organisms† two years later. (Browse Biography, 2011) Throughout the rest of his life Skinner made breakthrough after breakthrough in the field of psychology and behaviorism. In 1945 he be came the Psychology Department Chair at the University of Indiana and in 1948 joined the psychology department at Harvard where he remained for the rest of his life. (Cherry, 2013) Throughout his impressive career he received many more outstanding honors and awards such as theNational Medal of Science, the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation Award and the Albert Einstein School of Medicine award for excellence in psychiatry as well as many more books and a few inventions. He eventually passed away in 1990 after contributing countless knowledge to the science of psychology. B. F. Skinner is perhaps best recognized for his study and contribution to a particular type of psychology called behaviorism. Behaviorism was first proposed by John Watson who believed that studying the private experience a person has in their mind was too hard of a thing to observe and speculate.He believed psychology had to be studied more as something an organism does that is physically observable by anyone watc hing. Watson, as well as Skinner, was influenced greatly by the experiments done by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov observed that the dogs he had were becoming accustomed to salivating at the sound of a bell he rang each time he fed them. Eventually he didn’t even have to have food to observe the dogs salivating every time he rang the bell because they had learned to respond a certain way to stimulus.The studies done by Pavlov as well as the work of Watson built the foundation upon which Skinner based the rest of his career in the field of psychology. Skinner observed that in the wild, animals have learned ways to find shelter, food and mates all because they have been conditioned by stimuli to do so. He famously tested this theory by inventing something called an â€Å"operant conditioning chamber†. In this chamber he placed a rat and fixed a lever so that when the rat pressed on the lever it received a pellet of food.He found that after a short time in the c hamber, the rat learned that he was given food each time he pressed the lever so he began pressing it over and over until he was no longer hungry. This experiment furthered his approach towards behaviorism and also added to what Watson had proposed. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011) Also slightly contrary to what Watson and Pavlov believed, he proposed that the behavior of an organism did not depend upon the preceding stimulus but on the reward that occurred after the behavior took place. Cherry, 2013) This led Skinner to state in his book, â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms†, what he called the principle of reinforcement. Reinforcement basically stated that when an organism does something that causes it to benefit in some way, it is likely to repeat the action in order to receive the benefit again. This allows organisms to adapt to their environments and the conditions they live in, in order to survive. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011) Skinner went on to use his ability to inv ent and his interest in behaviorism to try and benefit society in many different ways.He invented such things as the â€Å"Air crib† which was an enclosed chamber to put a baby inside that would allow you to closely monitor and modify the temperature and humidity of the environment. Unfortunately this didn’t quite catch on after people started to compare it to his earlier invention, the operant conditioning chamber, and wonder whether or not it was too cruel for a child. Another quite interesting invention that he proposed was a pigeon guided missile. During world war two, before the U. S. Navy had a practical way to guide a missile, Skinner found an interesting, almost unbelievable method to guide the missiles.He proposed they incased pigeons within parts of the missile. The pigeons would have a screen in front of them showing the view in front of the missile and they would be able to peck towards the target, therefore guiding the missile in that direction. Amazingly this idea proved to be successful in testing, however, the military found it too eccentric and impractical to be used and never took the idea seriously. (New World Encyclopedia contributors, 2008) Not only was Skinner known for his strange, ingenious inventions but he was also known for proposing an idea which gained him much criticism.In his books â€Å"Beyond Freedom and Dignity† and â€Å"Walden II† Skinner talked about a society completely controlled via behaviorism principles such as reinforcement. Theoretically this society would be made perfect using scientific planning to reinforce all the individuals do behave in the correct ways. In these books he claimed that free will is subjective and only an illusion because we are all accustomed to behaving in the ways we do because we have been reinforced by society over the years to behave that way.This was not a popular statement among critics who said he was giving away humanities free will and thought his goal was t o use his science to manipulate people. These claims seemed to be taken to the extreme however; Skinner merely meant to emphasize the importance reinforcement could have on society. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011) Although behaviorism is no longer looked at as the most important way to view psychology, Skinner had a great impact on society and what we know as psychology today.His work with the conditioning chamber is still considered vital information to psychology today. Professionals in the field of mental health still use his operant techniques today on their clients. (Cherry, 2013) The information in his book â€Å"Verbal Behavior† is still a topic of interest in experimental and applied settings currently. (New World Encyclopedia contributors, 2008) Even teachers and animal trainers use his concept of reinforcement and punishment every day to shape the way kids in their classroom or the animals they train behave. (Cherry, 2013)In a 2002 survey, Skinner was voted to be the number one most influential psychologist of the 20th century by psychologists. His honors, awards, positions, titles and honorary degrees are almost too numerous to even count. I think the evidence as well as the opinions of other psychologists show just how much of an impact this man made on the psychological science. There is no doubt psychology is the science that intro to psych students such as myself are learning about today because of the numerous contributions and influence of B. F. Skinner. (Shacter, Gilbert & Wegner, 2011)References Browse Biography. (2011, January 25). B. f. skinner biography. Retrieved from http://www. browsebiography. com/bio-b_f_skinner. html Cherry, K. (2013). B. f. skinner biography (1904-1990) . Retrieved from http://psychology. about. com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_skinner. htm New World Encyclopedia contributors. (2008, April 4). B. f. skinner. Retrieved from http://www. newworldencyclopedia. org/p/index. php? title=B. _F. _Skinner&oldid= 687766 Shacter, D. , Gilbert, D. , & Wegner, D. (2011). Psychology. (2nd ed. , pp. 16-18). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.

How Were Workhouses Run so That Only Those in Need of Genuine Help Would Apply Essay

Workhouses, tried many things to stop those in need of help applying for help; this was because they soon became to expensive to run which is why the owners of the workhouse began to try to put the public off applying for help. I am going to cover all of the main reasons that tell you why the poor were ‘put off’. To begin, the workhouses soon introduced separation, they had different classifications. These were: Infirm men, able-bodied men and youths above fifteen, boys above the age of seven and under fifteen, infirm women, able-bodied women and girls above fifteen, girls above the age of seven and under fifteen and children under seven (however they were allowed in the same workhouse as either their mother or father). This would mean that if you were classified to a different class than someone else in your family, for instance; you would be separated and not allowed to communicate. This encourage those in need of slightly less help not to apply, as they may have believed that scraping a living with their family and friends would be better than getting separated in a work house. Next, the living conditions may be considered to have been better outside the workhouse, scraping a living, the living conditions were horrific! Firstly, all the women and babies were all living in the same room; this meant that when one baby awakened, apart from a heavy sleeper, everyone woke up. They also slept in square, coffin-like beds, which will have been hardly comfortable to sleep in. For me, if workhouses wanted their employees to perform to their full potential they would have given them good living conditions, however they didn’t want people coming in on demand. Because the workhouses mad the living conditions so horrific, would have encouraged many to not apply for help. This is because they may have believed they would get a longer, more comfortable sleep outside the workhouse. To continue, the food provided was terrible, the food was cooked terribly for a few reasons, two examples would be because the workhouses wanted to save money and buy the cheapest food, for the cheapest possible price and they may have purposely cooked the food badly. They also gave each of the same food for each food break causing people to have a bad diet. Again, people in poverty would not apply for help. People wouldn’t apply because word would spread about the terrible food and people wouldn’t apply because again they could think that they could get better food elsewhere. The workhouse owners probably knew that word of this would spread and less people would apply for help, like they wanted. Next, punishments were very harsh and barely taken into consideration, for instance the workhouse owners would judge whether someone was ill or not ill, for instance, if they judged someone to be well and fit when they were ill the would punish the ill person, for no reason when they should be treating their employee well so that as soon as they had recovered, they would be able to perform at a high standard again. This would have put people off because they would be scared of the owners and if they were a parent, they may feel that they were the person to hand out punishments to child not the owners. The owners most possibly knew again that word would spread and would be ruthless to any parent try who tried to have authority. Working conditions, like living conditions were poor. Some people may have applied sot they may get a more enjoyable job with good earnings, instead they were allocated with jobs such as rope picking, this was where a worker had to get old, battered rope, and individually take each thread off the rope and then put it back together to make good rope. This would have put the poor off because they may feel that the jobs they were doing were more enjoyable plus they may feel that they should be doing better jobs if they were to apply for help because workhouses had been advertised to be the ‘way out’ of problems. My final point is on the fact that the workers had no individuality. The workhouse owners had some rules which were strict and if broken would show no tolerance. An example of this is in a picture, it shows how each of the women in the workhouse are having their meal, everyone’s food is exactly the same food, which for lunch was commonly beef and vegetable soup, so vegetarians would be forced to eat the food, not necessarily by the workhouse owners but by their own hunger because they were served such a small amount, they would be extremely hungry. They were also sat in rows, they were not allowed to socialise and they all had to wear uniforms. This would make employees feel worthless and as if they were in prison and ultimately they would feel demoralised and wouldn’t feel excited for the job they would do after their lunch, for example. Word would have spread about this (Like the owners would have wanted) and the poor would feel that the joy of socialising was worth m ore than living a poor lifestyle. To conclude this essay, I feel the most important factor that people would have taken into consideration would be the fact that families were split; the workhouse owners would have found that this was the biggest blow to a family thinking of applying because they would have wanted to be together.

Free Essays on Understanding Down Syndrome

The disability of Down syndrome was first identified back in 1866, by a physician named John Langdon Down who was the superintendent of an asylum for children with mental retardation in Surrey, England. He published an essay, describing children with the same features as being mentally retarded. He thought the children to have an arrested development. In the 1960’s the term mentally retarded was dropped and was then called Down’s syndrome because it was an ethnic insult to Asian researchers. In the 1970’s an American revision of the term was changed to Downs syndrome. Whereas in the UK and some places in Europe the disorder is still known as Down’s. In the first part of the twentieth century, people were not sure what caused Downs syndrome. In the 1930’s two researchers, named Waardenburg and Bleyer were the first to predict that maybe Down syndrome was caused because of chromosomal abnormalities. By 1959 two independent researchers, Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs determined the cause of Down syndrome as being trisomy (triplication) of the 21st chromosome. They discovered that cases of Down syndrome were due to two problems of translocation and mosaicism. The defect of chromosomes in a person causes Down syndrome. Chromosomes are thread like structures made up of DNA and other proteins. Chromosomes carry genetic information that is needed for our cells to develop. In a normal human being, each chromosome divides into two. The two different chromosomes go to two different spots in the cell. Rarely, but it does happen to where the chromosome wont divide, but stays as one. Then the whole pair goes to the same part of the cell. This makes an uneven balance with the cells. One cell will have 22 chromosomes whereas the rest of the cells will have 24 chromosomes. This is known as nondisjunction. If a male or a female has non-normal chromosomes and mates with a person who has normal chromosomes, 95% of all c... Free Essays on Understanding Down Syndrome Free Essays on Understanding Down Syndrome The disability of Down syndrome was first identified back in 1866, by a physician named John Langdon Down who was the superintendent of an asylum for children with mental retardation in Surrey, England. He published an essay, describing children with the same features as being mentally retarded. He thought the children to have an arrested development. In the 1960’s the term mentally retarded was dropped and was then called Down’s syndrome because it was an ethnic insult to Asian researchers. In the 1970’s an American revision of the term was changed to Downs syndrome. Whereas in the UK and some places in Europe the disorder is still known as Down’s. In the first part of the twentieth century, people were not sure what caused Downs syndrome. In the 1930’s two researchers, named Waardenburg and Bleyer were the first to predict that maybe Down syndrome was caused because of chromosomal abnormalities. By 1959 two independent researchers, Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs determined the cause of Down syndrome as being trisomy (triplication) of the 21st chromosome. They discovered that cases of Down syndrome were due to two problems of translocation and mosaicism. The defect of chromosomes in a person causes Down syndrome. Chromosomes are thread like structures made up of DNA and other proteins. Chromosomes carry genetic information that is needed for our cells to develop. In a normal human being, each chromosome divides into two. The two different chromosomes go to two different spots in the cell. Rarely, but it does happen to where the chromosome wont divide, but stays as one. Then the whole pair goes to the same part of the cell. This makes an uneven balance with the cells. One cell will have 22 chromosomes whereas the rest of the cells will have 24 chromosomes. This is known as nondisjunction. If a male or a female has non-normal chromosomes and mates with a person who has normal chromosomes, 95% of all c...

5 Things That Will Make You Successful - EssaySupply.com

5 Things That Will Make You Successful 5 Things That Will Make You Successful 1. A Willingness to Take Ownership Things go wrong for everybody. However, if you approach negative situations with a willingness to take the lead and fix things, you are going to find that being successful comes much easier to you. It is people who take ownership of situations who are sought out for leadership positions, and who are respected by their peers for their willingness to take on difficult tasks. For example, if you  need  essay help you can find a solution in ordering it from a writing service.  The difference between taking ownership and taking responsibility is that taking responsibility is acknowledging and fixing your own mistakes. Taking ownership means that you are taking on the responsibility of creating a good situation out of a bad situation even if you aren't the cause. 2. The Refusal to Engage in Negative Self Talk Negative self talk can happen in many different ways. After a major mistake, you might tell yourself that you are stupid. Other forms of negative self talk can be a bit more subtle, however the results are just as devastating. For example, you may apply self-defeating labels to yourself such as, I'm just not a lucky person, or life is unfair for me. In many cases, negative self talk stops you from trying new things, or it serves as a way to excuse you from trying. I could never be brave enough to go skydiving, and I'm just not a math person are two examples of this. 3. The Ability to Bounce Back Everybody fails, and everybody has bad things happen to them. Successful people find a way to bounce back because the possess resiliency. Some people may confuse resiliency for toughness, but this isn't accurate. Toughness can indicate that something bad happens and you don't care or aren't all that impacted by it. It also indicates that you recover quickly and without much effort. On the other hand, resiliency is a trait that simply gives you the willingness to do what it takes to come back from a tragedy or setback. This is something that might take hours, or it might take years. The point of resiliency is that you actively work towards getting back to normal without wallowing. 4. An Insatiable Curiosity Successful people are constant learners. They read, they take classes, and they seek knowledge from others. They don't need even need to be working towards a particular goal, although they often are. In many cases, it is simply intellectual curiosity that spurs them along. Successful people don't only possess intellectual curiosity, however, they are also curious about other people. This gives most successful people the personable nature that is required to relate and work well with other people. 5. The Willingness to Ask For Help Successful people surround themselves with other people who are smart, talented, and goal-oriented. Then, they ask those people for help and advice when they need it. Being students they sometimes ask for help from  college essay writing services.  This is because most successful people realize that nobody obtains success without getting help from others. When they are able, they pay that help forward to others who need it.

Cultural Group of a Barber Salon Research Paper

Cultural Group of a Barber Salon - Research Paper Example raphic trends had a negative impact on these businesses which faced a decline after a loss in their target customers due to the war recruitments, depression era recession and the development of convenient home based grooming tools such as the Gillette disposable razor and mass produced home hair cutting kits (Brett, 2008). The traditional barber shops catering to only male staff were largely replaced in the 1970’s and 80’s by uni sex cosmetic centers like â€Å"SuperCuts† which had none of the culture aimed specifically at the male customers. However, this is not to say that these establishments vanished from social centers completely, a combination of nostalgic and cultural attachments as well as a basic service needs have allowed niche shops and centers to operate. Now, the rise in male grooming culture has created a revival of modern barber shops in the past few decades. While the conventional Barber Salons, personified by their 3-4 chair lineup, broad window displays and wood furnishings and all male staff are no longer the most popular form of the business set up, vestiges of the traditional set up can still be found in the new service centers. Modern Barber Salons can be now be divided into several sub-cultures, each with its own unique offerings, culture, ambiance and target customers. The first category belongs to Barber shops owned and operated by African American businessmen and catering mainly to the black populations. The barber shop has an intertwined history with the slave age and segregation era, where black slaves were trained with the skills to provide grooming services to the colonial land owners and plantation families (Holliday, 2013). With the evolution of civil rights and changing cultural ideologies, these black barbers became the country’s first business owners in their segregated neighborhoods, providing necessary services to the men of their communities. Even today, there are Black barber shops in inner city areas which act as

Comparison between Two Sisters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparison between Two Sisters - Essay Example This paper illustrates that two years back the author’s cousin, Kate invited him over to California during the summers to spend the vacations with her family, and the researcher had readily accepted the invitation. Kate had married Sam, African America Doctor. It was the first time the author was going to meet Kate’s two daughters, Kate used to talk about them all the time. The older one, Anna was twelve years old and the younger one Sally was ten years old during the summers last year. If the researcher was to describe them physically then Anna was very much like Kate, she had her flawlessly pink complexion, beautiful hazel eyes, and dark brown shoulder length hair that were delightfully curly. She had a fairly good height for her age too. Sally, on the other hand, had straight black hair that came down to her waist; she had her father’s dark skin, big round eyes that were black in color. Sally was slightly chubby adding to that was her average height. Both sist ers were vastly different. The difference between the two was not just in their physical appearances but also in their personalities. As one would expect, Anna was more outgoing, vocal about her views, desires, and preferences, she had quite a huge circle of friends too. Sally, on the other hand, was very quiet, she was shy and usually avoided meeting people, and she had only one friend at school - Jane. Sally did not even talk much to her parents or to Anna. She liked to stay alone in her room, usually reading story books. The moment the researcher met the two of them he could not help but notice how lovely Anna was and what a beauty she was growing into. However, the innocence on Sally’s face was so attractive that the author automatically wanted to strike a conversation with her, it was only later that he realized how difficult a task that was.