Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster - Essay Examples on the personnel and public and effects on the nuclear industry, changes enacted by the Department of Energy or Nuclear Regulatory Commission to prevent or defame recurrence of the event in the US. Also, personal views about the disaster have been stated all throughout the paper. Studies or reports about the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster has been in any case cited in the paper.It has been few years since a tragedy happened in Japan wherein several people died along with millions of properties and industry. Several dreams had gone as disasters came along the way. It was really hard for the Japanese people to move on but they should and they did. Knowing the country of Japan as the country of industrious people, they came now to be delightful after what had happened to them. It is actually good to see the positive views of that tragic moment in the country because people can get stronger and improve even more. The authorities in addition stood on their mission and vision to serve everyone more over in the midst of challenges. However, there are still things that need to be refined or studied so that people could be able to understand what really happened. What really happened with the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster?According to Anzai, et al (2012), it was March 11, 2011 when an temblor and tsunami hit the northeastern part of Japan. These natural occurrences brought a huge problem in the country especially to the stabilization of nuclear plants. Addition to that, Anzai, et al (2012) also said thatOperating reactors shut down automatically, with control rods inserting into the reactor cores. However, the 14-meter tsunami triggered by the earthquake disabled all AC power to Units 1, 2, and 3 of the Fukushima Daiichi Power Plant, carrying outside fuel tanks for emergency diesel generators. Water injection failed in the emergency core cooling system of Units 1, 2, and 3. Since the normal cooling syst em was inoperable, a impel valve was opened manually to reduce

Macro Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro - Assignment Example(Riecher, 2013) Figure 1 Unemployment Rate in Germany1 Germany has been able to deal with structural changes efficiently as its policy doesnt include laying off workers rather makes the work shorter hours. So when workers cut off their working hours, the government activity makes up fractional of the wages of lost working hours. This is a better alternative than being unemployed. Apart from that there a system known as hour bevel where workers put extra hours during good times. So these hours could help to compensate in downturn where less hours is worked. in addition the unions and management negotiate together on trim working hours. (Baker, 2013) According to IMF Inflation in Germany by the end of 2012 was 2.137 percent and is expected by IMF that inflation will average to 1.6 percent in 2013. The frugality is growing but is not putting an upward pressure in price. This is because the government is able to control inflation because of its tight mone tary policy where it has kept up(p) its currency strong too. (Stefan, 2013) Figure 2 Inflation Rate in Germany2 Answer 2 Germany is a part of European Union so it does not have its own money and cant use its own monetary policy. It fol lowlys the policy that is set by the European Central Bank. Current wager valuate well-kept by the European Central Bank is only at 0.5 percent. ... So it is important for it to maintain balance in interest rate policy. (Stefan, 2013) Germany fiscal policy shows thats its revenue as by IMF data has over the years accounting to 1201.38 billion expected in 2013 that is 44.372 percentage of the gross domestic product. Its government economic consumption as percentage of GDP amounts to 45.005 percent in 2012 and 44.703 percent expected in 2013. Governments high share in expenditure is having negative effect on growth rate as it is not giving a room for private coronations which has been low around 17.219 percent of GDP in 2012 and expected 17.369 per cent in 2013. Low investment means low domestic demand for goods and services which needs to be created by the government. Also the tax rate in Germany on individuals income is progressive, higher the income, higher the tax rate which ranges around 14 to 45 percent on individuals income. Effective corporate tax rate is around 30 to 33 percent. It needs to make sure to reduce taxes in order to encourage more growth and investment in the economy. (Randow, 2013) Answer 3 Germany is the power house of industrial base and worlds second largest exporter. One policy Germans adopted was not to acquire money rather they focused to live with their own means as taking debt meant paying back with huge interest costs. They consider taking give as doing something wrong and feel guilty for it. Germany made its labour market strong in 2003 when it came up with fundamental labour market reform. The government maintained good relations with labour unions in order to easily negotiate on labour wage s. At same time workers kept working hours low keeping in mind it was better than to getting unemployed. This helped the economy to flexible in labour

Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Boethius Consolation of Philosophy EssayHundreds of philosophers existed thousands of years ago. It was a measure when the and leisure you could probably do was think, theorize, analyze and disc over things. Obviously, two thousand years can change the habit of people and these days, thinking would take a lot of effort. The disco rattling of new things never stop as people book that urge to continue improves lives. In history and philosophy classes, extensive thinkers and philosophers were practic anyy studied. It is pretty amazing to read their works and come up with such incredible thoughts at that time. Often, they talk closely leadership and politics. It was a time when countries are still developed and lands are yet to be discovered so a great leadership was very important. Although we would still analyze and review the philosophers works, much often their teachings can non be apply to the current times. Sometimes change does not only involve technology and advance ment, it can also apply to leadership and real philosophical views. A great factor would involve the changing times. The lifestyle and the culture of the people are much different thousands of years ago.It was a time that women were limited to do domestic chores. Philosophers like Plato and Aristotle, wrote about what they of women during that time. It was probably a time when the role of women in the society is not defined. Of course, women nowadays are the right way and strong. They have created their mark in the society and gender bias in a lot of major industries is non-existent. That is why a lot of rules and laws cannot be applied to the world today. However, there are still some teachings that can be used up to now. These are the teachings that involve a great perspective in life.Sometimes, an illustrious perspective on life makes a person great. Anyway, the brain is the most powerful organ that is why the mind should take witness of whizzs lives. Teachings about life are very important that is why some philosophers and great thinkers are idolized and people formed a religion to continue preaching their teachings. One of the members of the long list of philosophers is Boethius. Although not as familiar as Aristotle and Plato, Anicius Manlius Severinus is the real name of this Roman philosopher barely he was more famously known as Boethius.Boethius was born from a wealthy and educated family and like any other kids during that time he studied poetry, mathematics and philosophy. Theodoric, the chivalric King ruling from Italy to Rome, appointed him court minister. Soon, his two sons became court ministers as well. He was a bold and brave man, with thoughts envied by a lot of people. His heart is what brought him down as he became the object of vengeance of those oppressed. Boethius was known to check in the oppressions of some leaders. He was then accused of t debate and was stripped of his dignities. In 524, he was executed in Pavia.While in pris on, Boethius immersed himself in writing and there he wrote his greatest work. His masterpiece, The Consolation of Philosophy, talks about random thoughts about nature, justice and evil doings. The Consolation of Philosophy is a work mixed of prose and verse. It is a copy of Boethius conversation with Philosophy during the lonely years of the prisoners life. The work was theistic overall however it did not indicate whether the writer was Christian or not. In the Consolation of Philosophy, Philosophy showed Boethius how uncertain sublunary fortune is and there is nonentity more secure than virtue.Boethius was the last great Roman writer who translated Aristotles work. His translations were the sole means of studying Greek philosophy for a long time. His manuals on geometry, music, philosophy, arithmetic and astronomy were used in medieval schools. It may seem that Boethius may be having apparitions in his prison, but these visions came with a great message and a deeper insight. B oethius saw the reason behind his imprisonment and his conversations with Philosophy ended his misery and opened his eyes to better things, better perception. There was more to a great fortune and earthly things.It was probably some of the great things that Philosophy advised him that can still be applied up to the modern times. The first vocalisation of the disk opens with Boethius having some afternoon thinking and writing when all of a sudden a womanhood appears in front of her. He described the woman as very beautiful and having a very powerful presence. He distinctively described her dress having embroidered the Greek letter Pi at the freighter and on the top hem, Theta. There was a ladder in between the two letters. She was holding books to her right hand and a scepter in the left-hand(a) over(p).She was the invent of Poetry. Boethius was currently having one of his many melancholy moments. Tears were trickling down Boethius eyes when the Muse of Poetry became angry. Sh e was questioning the existence of sluts in Boethius place. She says that they only provide him temp happiness that pass on not help him in his condition but instead will worsen it. The Muse of Poetry then pushed away the girls and they left in dismay. Boethius was teary-eyed as they left but eventually the Muse will explain why she did such thing (ODonnell 21).The first part of the book shows how deserted Boethius knowings was in the prison that he tries to enjoy his self from getting temporary happiness. Apparitions or not, the Muse of Poetry shooed away the cause of all these but Boethius couldnt help but feel terrible of her act he even questioned her authority. This lesson can still be applied to modern times. Often, when people have businesss they are pushed to do band-aid issues that will give them a short term solution to their problem. It is such an emotional thing to do that people do not even think of the long term effect or even the long term solution to their probl em.A concrete example would be poverty. It is a sad fact that poor people are often pushed to do the bad thing. When a person is desperate to get food, he often steals. This solution just makes things more complicated as that person ends up ruining his life by spending it in jail. It is one of the many things that emotions take over and the mind stays behind. People often think of short-term solutions to their problems without considering the long-term consequences of these short-term solutions. The next stanza talks about how the Muse of Poetry consoled Boethius grieving soul.It was very well written with descriptions of how grim Boethius has been. She assured Boethius that everything was going to be okay and that it was a time of healing not grieving. The Muse narrated how he brought up Boethius world the great man that he is now. And although his situation may seem to be not bright, these too shall pass for the Muse is there to protect him and assure him that his virtues will pr evail in this hardship (ODonnell 24). This stanza was definitely was of the most touching part of the book.Really, this was the consolation of philosophy and one cant help but feel for Boethius suffering. He was deprived of the life he deserved yet his imprisonment didnt stop him from writing wonderful works. The second stanza also hints on the potential religion of the PhilosopherChristianity. The Muse somehow reminds me of Mother Mary and how she would protect her son from danger. It also signifies that the philosopher believes in a supernatural being that is more powerful than the earthly soul. Like any other human being, Boethius was going done probably the toughest battle in his life.And every human goes through that. No matter how impelled or optimistic we are in our lives, there will always come a point that we want to give up. What the Muse was trying to relegate was that Boethius was born and made greater than his problems. And that does not exempt us. This made be theis tic, but God wont give us a problem that we could not bear. It is just normal that we feel like giving up at times especially when all hopes lost but all we have to do is to stick to that goal and the universe will conspire to make life better for us.The next stanza talks about how the darkness ended and the day started with Boethius describing his physician examining him. The physician turned out to be Philosophy and she narrated how she has been with Boethius all along. She narrated how she started with Plato and Socrates and how she has turned out to be what she is now. She explained to Boethius how she has been taking care of him all throughout his life. The next stanza narrates his conversation with Philosophy. She tested him of the things he knew and welcomed him of her questions.The first thing that Philosophy asked him was if believed that life is full of chances. And he bluntly answered that God governs his creations and everything happens for a reason and he will never ab andon His creation. The Philosophy then asked him why he was in such grief when he believes that God knows the best for him. By then, the writer was dumbstruck for he did not know the answer. The Philosophy knew something was missing and she was right. Boethius soon confessed that he was overpowered by grief. He knew the answer but he was just miserable to realize that the answer was just right in front of him.Philosophy then declared that the reason of his sickness is his grief and it was he who created all of those (ODonnell 28). The following lines were so powerful that one cannot help but relate to Boethius situation. Pretty sure every one has gone through that pain. It was a feeling of vanity and pity. It was as if the world has gone against us and everything is so not going our way. At the back of our minds, we know that something great is lurking around. We just have to be uncomplaining as good things come to those who wait. It was also just a matter of believing and workin g for whatever it that we want.It was a matter of realizing that we are in control of our livesthrough Gods guidance that is. In general, the teachings of Philosophy can definitely still be applied to modern times. We all go through trials no matter what time or age we may be. It is just a matter of perspective. And although Boethius didnt have any material thing left for him, it was his virtue that was more important than anything else. And that applies to all of us as well. Work Cited ODonell, J. Life of Boethius. Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania. Pages, 1996.

Bees. Solve the problem. Essay Example for Free

Bees. Solve the problem. EssaySolve the problem.1) Find the critical value that corresponds to a degree of confidence of 91%. A) 1.70B) 1.34 C) 1.645 D) 1.752) The following confidence breakup is obtained for a population proportion, p0.817 p 0.855 Use these confidence interval limits to find the take aim adjudicate, A) 0.839 B) 0.836 C) 0.817 D) 0.833Find the margin of error for the 95% confidence interval used to estimate the population proportion. 3) n = 186, x = 103A) 0.0643 B) 0.125 C) 0.00260 D) 0.0714Find the nominal sample size of it you should use to assure that your estimate of will be within the required margin of error around the population p. 4) Margin of error 0.002 confidence train 93% and unknown A) 204,757 B) 410 C) 204,750 D) 4055) Margin of error 0.07 confidence level 95% from a prior study, is estimated by the decimal equivalent of 92%.A) 58 B) 174 C) 51 D) 4Use the given degree of confidence and sample selective information to construct a confidence interval for the population proportion p.6) When 343 college students are indiscriminately selected and surveyed, it is found that 110 own a car. Find a 99% confidence interval for the true proportion of all college students who own a car. A) 0.256 p 0.386 B) 0.279 p 0.362C) 0.271 p 0.370 D) 0.262 p 0.379Determine whether the given conditions justify using the margin of error E = when finding a confidence interval estimate of the population mean . 7) The sample size is n = 9, is not known, and the original population is normally distributed. A) Yes B) NoUse the confidence level and sample data to find the margin of error E. 8) Systolic blood pressures for women aged 18-24 94% confidence n = 92, x = 114.9 mm Hg, = 13.2 mm HgA) 47.6 mm Hg B) 2.3 mm Hg C) 2.6 mm Hg D) 9.6 mm HgUse the confidence level and sample data to find a confidence interval for estimating the population .9) A group of 52 randomly selected students have a mean score of 20.2 with a standard deviation of 4. 6 on a stead test. What is the 90 percent confidence interval for the mean score, , of all students taking the test?A) 19.1 21.3 B) 18.7 21.7C) 19.0 21.5 D) 18.6 21.8Use the margin of error, confidence level, and standard deviation to find the minimum sample size required to estimate an unknown population mean . 10) Margin of error $100, confidence level 95%, = $403A) 91 B) 63 C) 108 D) 44Formula sheet for Final ExamMean Standard deviation Variance =Mean from a frequency dispersion Range rule of alternateEmpirical Rule 68-95-99.7 z score weighted meanOutliersif A and B are mutually exclusiveif A and B are not mutually exclusiveif A and B are independentif A and B are dependentComplementary eventsmean of a probability distributionstandard deviation of aprobability distributionBinomial probabilityBinomial probability calculatorExactly binompdf(n,p,x)At least 1 binomcdf(n,p,x 1)At most binomcdf(n,p,x)Binomial meanBinomial standard deviationExpected valueMargin of error pSa mple size p orMargin of error meanSample size meanMargin of error mean

Gangs of Youth Essay Example for Free

Gangs of Y egressh EssayTattoos, graffiti in the walls, foul language, drugs, guns and violence ar the to the highest degree favorite notions for route familys. route gangs be prevalent incessantly since the 19th century, when at that place was a surge of immigrants in the United States. They argon an identity, a timidityful group of people who organizes a variety of delinquent activities. though gangs sire been widely used in commonplace culture, as observed in the invention of slang words, baggy pants, hip-hop and rap music, they are a threat to society. Gangs are not really cool as what is beingness portrayed in our television bounds.The following questions, which were taken from GWC, Inc. 1997, provide us around ideas on how to assess whether our confederacy or tame day is suffering from severe gang activity. 1. Do you sport graffiti on or near your civilize? 2. Do you have crossed out graffiti on or near your school grounds? 3. Do your students wear colo rs, jewelry, c jackpothing flash clear signals or display other(a) behavior that may be gang related? 4. Are drugs available in or near your school? 5. Has thither been an increase in physical confrontations or incidents of threats, abuse, or intimidation in or near your school?6. Is on that point an increasing presence of weapons in your community of interests? 7. Do students use beepers, pagers and cellular phones? 8. Has in that respect been a drive-by shooting in your neighborhood? 9. Have you had a show-by or a display of weapons near your schools? 10. Has there been an increase in the truancy rate and/or daytime burglaries? 11. Are there an increasing number of racial incidents in your community or school? 12. Does your community have a history of gangs? 13. Is there an increasing presence of informal social groups with unusual names?If most of the answers are yes, hence your community or school is definitely in need for an effective gang pr heretoforetion program. But forwards doing so, I willing first discuss around the proliferation of street gangs, its history and its impact to the society particularly to the youth. I will also provide recent reports on the current statistics in any(prenominal) areas then I stop now dwell on the useful measures on how to fight and avoid gang activity. What are gangs? The Childrens Health cyclopedia n. d. mentioned that there are a couple of definitions of gangs, specifically, youth gangs.In general, they are a loosely-organized association who were formerly alienated by the society. They are headed informally by a leader. The members are usually between ages 12 to 24 and they have a gang name to identify themselves. The members of the gang share something in common in them. Usually they have the same race or ethnicity, same social class or some characteristic that are usually defined by some form of a symbol, usually represented by tattoos, graffiti, c litterhing or even hand signals. According to Safe youthfulness 2007, gangs are most of the time male- get the hangd and have their own territory.Such male members have experienced a loss of a male understand at home. For females, they often cure in gang activity during family crisis or drug addiction. They have been characterized to be run-away-from-home youths. what is more, another characteristic of these gangs is that they may either be a subsidiary of a larger group of gangs. Some gang organizations have their respective mother groups whom they share similar attri andes and culture. It is also common for such gangs to have their own set of rules and codes of conduct. Some even have weird rituals of their own.They treat each other as kin or family since in the first place, they were organize because they felt some kind of alienation with their respective lives. Gangs lav compensate and nurture the members a sense of belongingness. They also can gain power and influence especially when they stand by to fight for their own closeeavors. They gain confidence and self-worth especially when gang members are promised to be given auspices or better yet a high(prenominal) social status. They do organized abuse activities in order to get what they want. These activities are violent and nature and such can threaten a lot of lives.According to the U. S. segment of Justice, groups must be compound in criminal acts before they are deemed to be called as gangs. Such acts, according to Johnson and Muhlhausen 2005, can falsify from extortion, robbery, smuggling, drug trafficking, arms trafficking, and defending their territory. Basically, there a two types of gangs, city and urban/rural gangs Green, 1999. In cities, gangs are situated in a grouchy turf or hood, unlike in urban/rural areas, gangs are dispersed and some needed to travel in order to be with their members.According to Green 1999, there three indicators of gangs saggin, flaggin, and braggin. Sagging is manner of dressing. Gangsters are usually we aring loose clothes like baggy pants and caps that are tilted in a different manner. Some gangs have a unique style, which makes them distinct from other gangs like hairdos and leather jackets. Flagging is the show of colors. Gangs have a branding color which represents them. Last is bragging, which is self-explanatory. They brag intimately being gangsters though they are truly secretive about their activities. HistoryJohnson and Muhlhausen 2005 stated in their paper, North American Transnational Youth Gangs Breaking the Chain of Violence that youth gangs can be traced even as far as the end of American Revolution. They said that such violence was heightened during the immigration and population shifts during the early 1800s, 1920s, 1960s and in the latter 1990s. Though in Europe, gangs are already popular in the 14th Century. It was describe in the 1999 National Youth Gang Survey that gangs in the United States are composed of 47 share Latino members, 31 portion African-Ameri cans, 13 percent Caucasian, 7 percent Asian and 3 percent others.These can traced from the 10 to 12 million undocumented Hi pass overic aliens in 1970s and 1990s. The most popular Hispanic groups are Calle 18 and Mara Salvatrucha. They were the first gangs to accept members from other nationalities as well as recruit outside their own territory. Outside means that even the youth, as young as elementary and middle schools are involved in the use of weapons, thieving money and selling drugs. The GWC, Inc. 1997 believed that gangs use children because if ever they are caught, they will not go to jail.It was also said by Johnson and Muhlhausen 2005 that during the 19th century, Irish and Italian street gangs were immensely concentrated in the East Coast cities, while African-American gangs were mostly in Los Angeles especially during the 1960s and 1970s. When you migrate, most probably the neighborhood the family is candid are much disorganized, thus leading to exposure to crimes and gang activities. Statistics As shown by the GWC, Inc. s Gang Guide 1997, the FBI thinks that there are around 400,000 youths who are members of gangs in the United States.Moreover, the Journal of American Medical Association believes that 94 percent are active gangs in the cities. Such cities according to the American Street Gang can include up to 40 different gangs. In the Childrens Health Encyclopedia, in between the years 1996and 2001, over 90 percent of the largest cities in America are report to have gang activities in their area. Between 1998 and 1999, it was studied that there was a 27 percent increase in gang membership in the suburban areas while 29 percent in rural areas.Gangs do not only involve the minorities like the Latinos or the African-American, all nationalities or ethnic groups, despite economic class and geographical setting are extremely involved in gangs. Earlier we said that males dominate that gangs and females are only involved usually when she experiences family problems and had run away from home. It was discovered by A. Campbell in his question that female gang members have experience a larger risk in gang membership. According to Johnson and Muhlhausen 2005, the reported gang activity in 1970 was 270, by 1998, it increased by whopping 800 percent with 2,500 cities.In a comparative study of gang members and youths-at-risk in Cleveland, it was found that 44. 7 percent of gang members were reported to committing auto theft, as compared to 4. 1 percent of non-members. Moreover, 40. 4 percent of gang members said that they have participated in drive-by shootings, while only 2. 0 percent of non-members have done so. Further more(prenominal) than, 34. 0 of gang members have been reported to intimidate or assault crime victims or witnesses, compared to none from the non-members. 72. 3 percent of gang members acknowledged that they have assaulted rivals, compared to 16.3 percent. More so, 17. 0 percent of gang members have committed rob bery compared to 2. 0 percent of non-members. We can conclude in this study that being involved in gangs exposes one to be more at-risk even greater than those who are already at-risk yet non-members of gangs. According to Safe Youth 2007, recent studies reveal that member of youth gangs join before they reach 18 years old. In contrast to the notion of the public, such members do not commit to a long-term membership. In a span of one year, only one-half to two-thirds remain in their gang.To heighten our claim earlier that gang members are more at-risk than at-risk non-members, Howell and Decker 1999 revealed that youth gang members have higher drug usage rate than non-gang members. Moreover, Battin-Pearson, et al. 1998 said that delinquency rates are higher for gang members, which includes the use of illegal drugs, display of violent behavior and even the rate of being arrested. Between 1989 and 1995, it was reported by the United States Departments of Education and Justice that the percentage of gang activity doubled.This heightens the strong correlation of gangs with the proliferation of guns and drugs inside the school campuses. However, there is contradiction with the study. Chandler, et al. 1996 believed that gangs have not been the cause of victimization inside the schools although it was found to contribute to the dangerous atmosphere. Presence of gangs in school has even brought protection to students who are part of the minority groups. It was reported in the 2002 and 2003 National Youth Gang Surveys that 4 out of 10 large cities in the United States have experienced 10 or more gang homicides Egley, 2005.In Los Angeles and Chicaga, half of the reported 1,000 homicides were gang related. This also implies a frequent use of firearms. Risk Factors In the study of Johnson and Muhlhausen 2005, if the following risk factors increase, it was believed that the youth has higher probability of joining a gang marginal neighborhoods, family, academician problems , peer groups, drugs and violence. Marginal Neighborhoods involve a more dangerous environment and most of these neighborhoods are highly exposed to drugs. Johnson and Muhlhausen 2005 said that those who are living in these neighborhood are thrice more likely to join gangs.More so, such neighborhoods who are highly exposed to drugs like Marijuana, youths are 3. 6 likely to join a gang. Youths with families headed by a single-parent are 2. 4 more likely to join gangs than those families who are headed by a complete set of parents. As mentioned earlier, those males who missed a father figure will seek out such companionship in gangs. More so, with a broken family, it is much easier for a child to acquire belongingness and love from a gang. However, as long as families promote violence, and there is low parental care and love in the family, a youth will be highly misguided, leading to gang membership.Academic problems lead to higher gang membership because as already mentioned earlier gangs can lift low self-esteem individuals. Since academic failure contributes to low self-esteem, such youth are 3. 6 times more prone to join the gangs. When there is low commitment to study in school, a child is more likely to join a gang, since it can mean that he or she prefers other activities. Such activities as we know can be more violent in nature, and may or may not be done within the school premises. Peer groups are great motivators for the youth to join a gang.When you have friends who are members of such gangs, you are also twice as likely to join too. Peer compel is sometimes rattling hard to resist because friendships are broken if you cannot do a favor for a friend. We know that people do need companionship especially in school and it is knotty if we do not have friends around. They are a source of protection as well. Drugs and violence can distinctly initiation gang membership. Youths who already use Marijuana, are 3. 7 times more prone to join gangs. This is d efinitely true since where else can you get such drugs but from those gangs.To be able to get it easier, one should join them. Moreover, it was revealed that if the youth has been engaged in a violent behavior before, they are 3. 1 time more prone to join the gangs. Lonnie Jackson 1998, the author of Gangbusters Strategies for prevention and intervention also provided a list of risk factors. It includes again the exposure to crime and violence during the plastic years. Role models from a particular ethnic group can also increase the likelihood to gang involvement. It also includes wishing of parental control.Moreover, the lack of equal economic opportunities can also be the reason for gang involvement. The lack of social and recreational activities for the children, few employment opportunities and unmet employment qualifications and skills can sparkle gang involvement. Youth enticed to power, money and drugs are evidently more likely to join these gangs. Immediate gratification is very attractive for some youths and this encourages them to join the gangs. Moreover the lack of sense of belongingness and security, as well as powerlessness will lead the youth to those gangs.Another source of gang influence would be the popular media. Though there is no substantive evidence, violence seen in films, even song lyrics from hip-hop or rap music can increase pressure in joining gangs since gang life are usually being portrayed with such glamour and power that even kids imitate them. Kids these days are dressing up like gangsters even though they are not, and it can be reason why they join gangs. They think it so cool. Impact of Gangs in Schools Gangs in school will obviously increase the violence in schools, though we cannot directly blame the gang members for them.According to Trump 1993, students enrolled in schools with evident gang presence are twice more likely to fear of being victims of violence, than those whose schools without gangs. In an interview of Boy le 1992, he said that gang members perceive schools as evils and forms of incarceration. They see school as a place for gathering and hosting violent activities. What is worse is that, even gang members who are already suspended or kicked out from school can be found in the campus with their fellow gang mates. They use school as a form of a hang-out place quite than a place for learning.Burnett and Walz 1994 said that gangs can broaden its reach even influencing the youth in gang-free schools, causing a wider influence and greater involvement in criminal activities. According to Chandler et al. 1998, youth gangs are correlated with issues in delinquency especially during elementary and secondary schools. The National Center for Education Statistics 2005 have reported that most students in urban schools are most probably report the existence of street gangs in their school with 31 percent, compared to suburban students and rural students with 18 percent and 12 percent respectively.A ccording to Thompkins 2000, security officers, security cameras, and even metal detectors can serve as a means of deterrence, yet these causes fear among the people on school, knowing that such security was brought about by the heightening of gang activity in the school. Impact of Gangs on its Participants Most of the gang members are already involved in delinquent acts even during the time that they are not unflurried members of the gang Burnett and Walz, 1994. Most likely, such delinquent acts will be heightened.They will be frequently involved in drug abuse, as well as violence against their neighbor and a lot more. at that place are many consequences of being involved in such gangs. If ever they do not follow the rules of their gang leaders, most likely they will be victims as well, facing more punishments than those who are non-members. Also, if the gangs were discovered, they can be arrested and put into detention. When they grow up, they can be put into prison. Gang life di storts a lot of healthy relationships especially if it is for long term.The gangs have so much power over their members and can limit their own capacities. It can deprive them their own ambitions and aspirations. They mould chaos to the community and it can break families. It is more likely to happen that a youth can be dropped out early in school. When this happens, there is less chance for the child to be employable in the future, thus increasing unemployment rate together with crime rate. Moreover, it can also bring about early pregnancy or teen motherhood, which brings about an unstable family and lack of parental care.We already discussed earlier that such families are more likely to piss delinquent children. Thus, we see a cycle going on in here. If you expose your child to an unstable environment, most likely, he or she will strike it in the future. Economic impact of youth gangs There are in fact economic costs associated to youth gangs just like any other crimes. Medical expenses are actually large, especially to those who were victimized. In a year, $655 billion are spent in the United States because of crimes and it was believed that a huge amount can be attributed to gangs Fight Crime Invest in kids, 2004.In Los Angeles Hospital trauma center, it was revealed that $5 million was spent to the 272 gang-related gunshot victims. It was also reported that youth gangs turn to be entrepreneurial organizations, involving hard core drug operations in various numbers of states. An example of which is the Black Gangster Disciples Nation Burnett and Walz, 1994. It actually has a hierarchy with several(prenominal) officers with specialized jobs. They have a chairman, with board of directors who are in stick in the drug trafficking in their areas.They have regents, who are in charge in the drug supply as well as in overseeing the drug stores. They also have area coordinators, who are in charge in collecting revenues from several spots. They have enforcers w ho are like their law of nature and punish members who cheat. Last are the shorties, or the interns who composes the staff in the drugs selling spots. So evidently, such gang is already very organized and they have climbed their way up because of their wider influence and power. How to fight gang activity Gang activities are very serious issues that need to be addressed.A lot of youths are being misled to another path, damages their lives, the lives of the people around them as well as their future. But, its never too late to pull them out of their misery and prevent those kids who are about to be victimized. The National Education Association developed a Safe Schools Framework in order to aid schools and communities to pinpoint the gangs in their areas Safe Youth, 2007. They are recommending cooperation among schools, families and communities in developing strategies in alleviating gangs in their areas, as well as promoting safety and security in the campus.We adopt three componen ts of the framework prevention, intervention and suppression. Under prevention, we should aim to prevent the youth in getting involved in gangs, as well as in gang-related activities. This includes heightened awareness and education of the negative consequences of joining gangs, and testimonials from former gang members discouraging them to be involved. By intervention, we mean that we bring to pass possible alternatives for the youth in terms of their after-school or extra-curricular activities.More so, we provide counseling for those who are already in trouble, and promote part-time jobs for students. By suppression, we should use adequate measures in identifying, isolation, punishing and rehabilitating criminal offenders Safe Youth, 2007. In order to fight the existence of gangs in the schools, we should promote policies like adapting a school uniform, implementing curfews to reject delinquent activities at night, encouraging students to be punctual, as well as enforcing strict policies on underage drinking and bring of deadly weapons in schools.During the 1930s, the stops Area Project has already started in bringing about recreational activities and self-improvement campaigns in order to convert gang members Johnson and Muhlhausen, 2005. However, it only increased crime since they treated as gangs as a group. In other states, they have strict anti-gang laws but were not effective in enforcing laws. In states like California, atomic number 25 and Virginia, they have established gang task forces but it was observed that their success greatly relies on the sustainability of their efforts, a variety of strategies and strong political will.It is very difficult to do that for all the states. The U. S. Department of Justices Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention has recommended several strategies like after-school activities, dropout prevention, parent-training programs, efficient introduce of former offenders, job programs and many others. Ho wever, many failed to reduce delinquency Johnson and Muhlhausen, 2005. Other programs were also seen to be ineffective, like the GREAT (Gang Resistance Education and Training) which used police as instructors in schools on the dangers of gang participation.During their evaluation, the program has no significant effect on gang membership Johnson and Muhlhausen, 2005. Moreover, the on-the-job training provided by the Department of Labor had produced counterintuitive results. Instead of preventing the disadvantaged youth, it actually increased the arrests related to gang activity. It was suggested by Johnson and Muhlhausen 2005 that the following strategies must be used. First, they should foster stable neighborhoods. It is very important for the government to ensure the safety of the environment of the people.They know that an unstable neighborhood produces delinquent activities, thus by enforcing policies that could enable a more untouchable neighborhood will be of great help in red ucing gang membership. Second, they need to reduce illegal immigration. We know for a fact that gangs were formed due to alienation and a sense of discrimination from the society. By requiring stricter requirements for labor and immigration, we are also ensuring the safety of these people and help the rise of gangs in the country.Third, there should be strategies to deny time for gang activities. Parents should be aware that they play a great role in forming the behavior of their children. They should help their children in avoiding being influenced by those groups by telling the possible dangers of gang membership. Fourth, there should also be an emphasis on the prevention on the individual. Counseling programs must be strengthened, helping students to overcome their family problems and encourage them to find happiness in other things, instead of resulting to drugs and violence.Last is to ensure that the suppression is a product of collaborative efforts of several different agencie s. An enforcement of a policy will not be successful if people do not have a general consensus about it, or do not cooperate. Strategies must also be simultaneously be implemented in order to make the campaigns against gang violence to be systematic. We still have a long way to go in eliminating gang violence. However, if we start now at our own homes, we can prevent these children from being involved in such gang activities. There are various tools to assist them. We need to focus on the sustainability and effectiveness of those tools in order to ensure success.BibliographyGang. (n. d. ). Encyclopedia of Childrens Health. Retrieved April 22, 2008, from Answers. com Web site http//www. answers. com/topic/gang Howell, J. (2006). The Impact of Gangs on Communities. NYGC Bulletin. Retrieved April 22, from IIGC Website www. iir. com/nygc/publications/NYGCbulletin_0806. pdf. Green, F. (1999). Street Gangs in School. Retrieved April 20, 2008 at Keys to Safer Schools Website http//www. key stosaferschools. com/Newsletter%20Vol.%208%20pg%203. htm. Safe Youth. (2007). Gangs fact sheet. Retrieved April 20, 2008 at National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center Website http//www. safeyouth. org/scripts/facts/gangs. asp. Burnett, G. and G. Walz. (1994). Gangs in the Schools. Retrieved April 20, 2008 at Eric Digests Website http//www. ericdigests. org/1995-1/gangs. htm. Johnson, S. and D. Muhlhausen. (2005). North American Transnational Youth Gangs Breaking the Chain of Violence. Retrieved April 20, 2008 at Heritage Website http//www. heritage. org/research/urbanissues/bg1834. cfm.

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science EssayWeb-commerce has grown into one of the fastest-growing electron orbit of industry in the past two years. Billions of dollars have passed hands in the process and each entrepreneur wants a slice of the dough. To make this possible, info encoding plays a very central role in ensuring clients that paying for anything online is secure.E-commerce relies on encryption to secure data transmission by controlling data ingress and protect information on the internet and in the end improve consumer confidence. Encryption is the encryption of data using an algorithm such that it is incomprehensible to anyone in the event that the data transmission is intercepted, unless the key is known to enable file decryption. By implementing encryption, integrity is maintained while digital authentication is enforced, thus, wholeowing both customers and sellers to say the identity of the other party, a concept fundamental to secure onlin e credit card transactions. The reliability of an e-commerce website may be negatively impacted if theft of customer information occurs, especially risky since 90% of all online payments argon dealt by credit cards.4. Important of EncryptionCryptography is a method of mathematically encoding used to transform centres in to an unreadable format in an effort to maintain confidentiality of data. Cryptography comprises a family of technologies that include the followingEncryption transforms data into rough unreadable form to ensure privacy.Decryption is reverse of encryption it transforms encrypted data back into original, intelligible form.Authentication identifies an entity such as an individual, a machine on the profits or an organization.Digital signatures blind a document to the possessor of a particular key and are the digital equivalent of paper signatures. hint verification is the inverse of a digital signature it verifies that a particular signature is valid.ApplicationIn o rder to enable secure online transaction, data encryption plays four important functionsDigital authentication which allows both the customers and the merchant to be sure that they are dealing with whom, the other party claims to be. These is absolutely necessary forrader sending credit card details to the seller and also allow sellers to verify that the customer is the real owner of the credit card being used. legality ensures that the messages received re not changed during transmission by any third party.Non-repudiation prevents customers or merchants denying they ever received or sent a particular message or order.In the event that information is intercepted, encryption ensures privacy that prevents third parties from reading and or using the information to their own advantage.Two methods of encryption network traffic on the web are SSL and S-HTTP. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and its successor Transport Layer aegis (TLS) enable client and server computers to manage encryption an d decryption activities as they communicate with each other during a secure web session. Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) is another protocol used for encrypting data flowing over the internet, but it is limited to individual messages, whereas SSL and TLS are designed to establish a secure connection between two computers.The capability to start secure sessions is built into network client browser software and servers, and occurs automatically with little user intervention. The client and the server negotiate what key and what level of security to use. Once a secure session is established between the client and the server, all messages in that session are encrypted.There are two utility(a) methods of encryption symmetric key encryption and public key encryption. In symmetric key encryption, the sender and the receiver establish a secure Internet session by creating a single encryption key and sending it to the receiver so both the sender and receiver share the same key . The distinctiveness of the encryption key is measured by its nit length. Today a typical key will be 128 bits long (a string of 128 binary digits).The problem with all symmetric encryption schemes is that the key itself must be shared somehow among the senders and receivers, which exposes the key to outsiders who might just be able to intercept and decrypt the key, A more secure form of encryption called public key encryption uses two keys one shared (or public) and one totally private, as shown in Figure. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted using only the other key. To send and receive messages, communicators first become separate pairs of private and public keys. The public key is kept in a directory and the private key must be kept secret. The sender encrypts a message with the recipients public key. On receiving the message the recipient uses his or her private key to decrypt it.Digital signatures and digital certificates further patron with authentication.Benefits/AdvantagesMost corporations implement multiple forms of security by using hardware solutions such as routers and firewalls. These devices protect essential data by keeping outdoor(a) threats out of the network. Unfortunately, burglars will employ numerous attacks, specifically targeted at your information. When attackers find a way to enter your first line of defense, data encryption locomote up and helps to ensure that your secrets cant be viewed.Encryption has changed significantly over the years, going from a military solution to widespread public use. Whether its hardware or software-based, this method is fast, easy to use and most important, secure. Here some of the key benefits this solution offersPower The best in data encryption is based on global standards, able to mitigate potential corruption without flaw. Many solutions are large enough to ensure that an entire organization is in full complaisance with security policies. Da ta encryption allows a corporation to achieve military-level security with easy and affordable solutions.Flexibility Data encryption can protect your responsive information whether its stored on a desktop or laptop computer, a PDA, removable storage media, an email server or even the corporate network. This allows you to firmly access important data from the office, on the road or at home. If the device is lost or stolen, the information will be protected by the data encryption mechanism.Transparency It wouldnt be a good idea to employ any security measure that negatively impacts your business. An efficient data encryption solution enables your business to flow at a normal pace, silently securing crucial data in the background. Some of the best options are those running in effect without the user even being aware.There are many benefits of data encryption as this solution provides solid protection in the event of a security breach. Not only does it offer peace of mind, it also fre es up resources normally used by your perimeter defenses. Every security measure you couch in place is important yet inefficient if confidential data itself is not protected.LimitationsEncryption is often oversold as the solution to all security problems or to threats that it does not address. Unfortunately, encryption offers no such protection. Encryption does nothing to protect against many common methods of attack including those that exploit bad default settings or vulnerabilities in network protocols or software even encryption software. In general, methods other than encryption are needed to keep out intruders. Secure Computing Corporations horned rattlesnake system defuses the forty-two bombs (security vulnerabilities) in Cheswick and Bellovins book, Firewalls and Network Security (Addison Wesley, 1994), without making use of any encryption.Conclusion

Looking At Great Gatsby English Literature Essay

Looking At vast Gatsby English Literature EssayIn Tom Burnam essay The snapperball of Dr. Eckleburg A Re-examination The Great Gatsby, he puts forward his interpretation of the text. He believes that though the Great Gatsby was a great swear out of literature it is a flawed one. As it neglects something, he believes that the author, F. Scott Fitzgerald do the mistake of placing to much of himself, as the author and of his life history into the characters. Tom Burnam, in his essay, also put forward a point about the novel organism more about care slight(prenominal)ness than illusion and integrity. Tom Burnam posits that there is little differentiation between the author and the character as he believes that non change surface the most skillful novelist could make us, the readers accept Nick Carrarway as fully responsible for composing the queryful description in chapter iii. In his essay The Eyes of Dr. Eckleburg A Re-examination The Great Gatsby, he believes that lack lies within stems from Fitzgerald placing himself in the novel, however unwittingly, stating thatThe book, great as it is, still falls oblivious of its possibilities because its energies are spent in two directions. If The Great Gatsby revealed to us only its protagonist, it would be incomparable. Revealing, as it does, perhaps a little too much of the person who created it, it becomes somewhat less sharp, less pointed, more diffused in its effect.Tom Burnam stated in his essay that The Great Gatsby was also a commentary on the nature and values, or lack of them, of the reckless ones, the reckless ones being the rich. My own interpretation of the text is in short, a commentary on the generation and society left after the beginning(a) World War. This interpretation follows from F. Scott Fitzgeralds other novels and short stories as they all follow a similar theme. As I will show, there are four-fold interpretations of the book however some are more logical than others. During the Firs t World War thousands of Americans died, despite joining the conflicting April 1917 and this, quite understandably, created disharmony in society and also lead those returning from war to try to come to terms with their experiences. Although Fitzgerald himself never actually went to war he was called up to fight plainly the war ended before he was called upon to make the trip to Europe. This is in contrast to Gatsby who we are told tried very hard to die during the war and for that get great honors from every Allied government- even Montenegro, little Montenegro down on the Adriatic Sea. This romanticized expression of Montenegro is one of the things described as enchanted throughout including Gatsbys life and Daisy. It is here in chapter IV that we get the first impression that Nick does not wholly trust Gatsby and although it doesnt last long, it is evidence enough to suggest that there is something not quite right about Gatsby and the way in which Nick reveres him. Fitzgerald intentionally threads doubt into every account of Gatsbys past and Nick begins to wonder if there wasnt something a little sinister about him, after all. This lack of integrity is a running theme of the novel and although care is given as the reason for Jordan liking Nick earlier in the chapter she is described by Nick as incurably dishonest and although this is written in hindsight we, as readers, lurch avail but question everything she has said up to this point, until Fitzgerald reassures us by telling us Nick is one of the few honest people he has ever known. This exculpation that the reader is not entirely sure of is similar to that of Stevens in remains of the Day, when we suspect him of eavesdropping he attempts to reassure us by saying I could not help but get the gist of what was being said. As we can see, there is a distinct difference between the authors voice and intentions and the narrators voice. Undoubtedly Fitzgerald mean us to be suspicious of Gatsby throughout t he novel until we begin to feel genuinely sorry for him. After the atrocities that happened during the war it is easy to sympathize with those who lost their faith. It has been suggested the eye of Dr T.J Eckleburg were put in after the cover illustration had been finished and Fitzgerald added them in homage to it, however I feel that the symbolism is far too moving for this to have been a mere after-thought. For me, these eyes are directly representing the eyes of God, a God that has been abandoned and left to decay such as his eyes, wispy a little by many painless days, under sun and rain,brooded on over the solemn dumping ground. Burnam uses the examples of careless driving in take for for his claim to the central theme of the text being the tragedy that this has brought to all affected by it and onlyGatsby and he alone, barring Caraway survives sound and whole in character. I cannot accept that Fitzgerald wrote Gatsby in the sole purpose to put across the hazards of bad driv ing I can, therefore, only speculate that this is a smaller have it off than Burnam makes it out to be and instead would suggest that the references to driving are there simply as pointers or symbols of foreshadowing the accidents that occur later in the novel. The expiration with the amputated wheel gives those who return to the book a pointer as to the ending, with the line You dont understandI wasnt driving. Afterwards, as a solution to the problem, the criminal suggests putting her in end to which the response is but the wheels off In a very abstract way this episode is a taste of things to come as Gatsby tries to beat onagainst the current and reclaim the past which poverty and war robbed him of. While Burnams essay simply puts forward his alternative view of The Great Gatsby I cant help but feel he has taken the symbols at too deep-a-level. Burnam says the reason he does this is due to the confusion of themes and duality of the symbol-structure, of which Fitzgerald seems to have been unaware. The bookfalls short of its possibilities because its energies are spent in two directions revealing both the protagonist and author in great detail making it somewhat less sharp, less pointed, more diffused in its effect. By this, Burnam is simply saying he thinks Fitzgerald should have been more careful in allowing himself to come through in his work and stuck to telling the story of Jay Gatsby. Sometimes we must take a text at face value and not look too deep as not all novels have such unfathomable depths